Character Analysis The Catcher In The Rye - 1297 Words

When a family member passes away it causes hardship, not only immediate, but also in the long term. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, The main character, Holden Caulfield, experiences the loss of his brother. He is distanced from his family and friends emotionally, and at boarding school, is separated physically. Out of fear, he begins to shield himself from the world around him. Because of the death of Allie, Holden pushes away any new relationships that could lead to him getting hurt and clings onto those he already had. When Holden was at the young age of 13, he was burdened with the death of his little brother. He idolized Allie, and although older, he looked up to him. When Allie died, Holden was angry, sad, and†¦show more content†¦He does not know when the right time to put himself out there is. Jane Gallagher on the other hand, creates a sense that he is fearful of their relationship. He puts off every chance he gets to contact her. He remembers there being a real connection. â€Å"I’m not in the mood right now†¦ You have to be in the mood for those things† (Salinger 33). Holden had the chance many times to go see her, or call her, but he had convinced himself that he was not prepared to see her. She knew about Allie and Holden withheld the chance to have her in his life, again out of fear of loss. Since the death of his brother, Holden has clung to stability. The only things in his life that are stable, are his siblings. Although his brother DB lives in California, he is still there for Holden â€Å"He’s in hollywood, That isn’t too far from this crumby place, and he comes and visits me practically every week† ( Salinger 1). Holden holds on to the last thing of his family that is the same from before Allie died. He has his brother and sister, and always will. Holden, when leaving Pencey, wants to talk to his sister. â€Å"Anyway, she was somebody you always felt like talking to on the phone. But I was too afraid that my parents would answer† (Salinger 68). He Garrett 3 has no way of seeing her without going home, but he trusts her the most out of any other character in the novel. Holden can’t fathom thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Characters And Themes Of The Catcher Rye 1537 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of Characters and Themes in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 to a wealthy Manhattan family. He grew up in the same social conditions as Holden Caulfield does in The Catcher in the Rye. The last thing Salinger cared about was being a successful student because he was very lazy, without care for his responsibilities and tasks. Salinger flunked out of many prep schools, and his parents sent him to a military academy named Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, where he graduatedRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger is about a boy named Holden Caulfield who got kicked out of Pencey Prep, a private school for boys. Throughout the story Holden shows his dislike for society because he believes that it corrupts the innocent. Some people might say that Holden doesn ´t understand that as an adult, most innocent people stay innocent and he is just judgemental of all the people around him. Salinger suggests that in order to transition to the adult world prop erly, an individualRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Catcher In The Rye1101 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield is a character who has been through rejection and wishes to protect others innocence. He is a teen boy who is the main character in Catcher in The Rye by J.D.Salinger. He has an older brother named DB, a younger sister named Phoebe, and a younger, deceased, brother named Allie. Holden retells his story on him, trying to be the catcher in the rye. Holden has been kicked out of different colleges. He has been rejected by different girls. Holden goes through his life story. He talksRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis788 Words   |  4 Pagesbrutally experiences both at the same time. Recognizing and understanding these representations can help you the most when trying to comprehend this character and real life people who struggle with these problems. In JD Salinger’s coming-of-age novel, The Catcher in the Rye, themes and objects that directly represent sym bolism in the main character, Holden’s, depression and loneliness. In the novel, many scenes have phones in them, which represents Holden’s loneliness. When he first arrives backRead MoreCharacter Analysis : The Catcher In The Rye2036 Words   |  9 Pagesisolation, they sometimes struggle to come to terms with the sadness and truths of those experiences. They may lie to other people and themselves in order to hide their pain, and sometimes they can become stuck. In the classic fiction novel The Catcher in the Rye written by J.D. Salinger, Holden is a troubled adolescent, who is unable to move forward in life after witnessing the death of his younger brother, Allie at age 13. The death of Allie ended Holden’s childhood, but Holden’s reluctance to moveRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Character Analysis1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthat fulfill their ideals or agree with the things they say, but these relationships can also help one discover their personal philosophies by reinforcing opposing views. Indeed, in J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, the way Holden reacts to and interacts with secondary characters reveal his established philosophies and the values he holds most dear to him. Although Holden never directly interacts with Jane Gallagher during the course of the novel, the way he thinks and talks about herRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis940 Words   |  4 PagesIn chapter ten of J.D. Salinger’s, Catcher in the Rye, there are three important concepts: loneliness, depression, and idealism. Holden evinces these concepts when he talks about his younger sister, goes to the Lavender room, and mentions Radio City Music Hall. Each of these concepts builds upon each other, especially the idea that Holden is lonely. Holden is alone once he arrives in New York after leaving Pencey Prep. Holden’s loneliness makes him think of his younger sister, Phoebe, who has a lotRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Character Analysis715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is narrated by the main character, a sixteen year-old boy named Holden Caulfield. The story starts out with Holden attending a prep school near New York City called Pencey Academy. Soon we discover that Holden has been â€Å"given the axe† because of his apparent apathy about school and his grades. Unfortunately, Pencey is only one in a series of schools that Holden has flunked out of. The plot is all about Holden going out on an adventure by himself and tryingRead More The Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield741 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield In J.D. Salingers novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caufield, describes in detail the parts of his life and his environment that bother him the most. He faces these problems with a kind of naivety that prevents him from fully understanding why it is that he is so depressed. His life revolves around his problems, and he seems helpless in evading them. Among others, Holden finds himself facing the issues ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye 1733 Words   |  7 PagesBroderick-King English 101 5/24/16 Essay A.M.D.G. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is faced with multiple â€Å"phonies† that divert him from those he really holds affection for. Throughout the novel Holden shows disgust for certain characters but his ability to build relationships of intimacy are most eminent. Through Allie Caulfield, Holden is able to make a more personal connection. Seeing

Final Critical Analysis Healthcare Delivery - 1730 Words

Final Critical Analysis Healthcare delivery in the United States is complex system that is conditionally changing. New policies, physician availability, insurance trends, technology, population growth, and cultural influences shape patient access (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 353). Healthcare reform is a highly debated topic in America today. By adding funds to the current system it is treating the symptoms and not addressing the cause of the delivery system problems (Moyers, 2009). There are many aspects of the health system that need to be evaluated and improved in the near future (Wexler, et al. 2014). Controlling Insurance Costs Controlling insurance costs is a significant political topic in America. The uninsured in America totals forty†¦show more content†¦219). Expert evaluation of services to provide only medically necessary care, providing services that are less expensive while providing quality care, and revising a patient’s course of treatment with regards to changing conditions are ways managed care controls costs (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 220). Cost sharing helps alleviate the costs on the insurance companies by having the insured take on some of the risk through premium cost sharing, deductibles, and copayments. Sharing the cost helps to control utilization of healthcare services (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 136). Increasing Coverage (access) Persistent problems with the healthcare system have caused limited access to a large population of the U.S. There are many precipitating factors that can prevent access to healthcare (CDC, 2011). Higher social status, including money, power and prestige are always associated with better access to medical care and preventive treatments (Cerda, Tracy, Ahem, Galae, 2014). Low income patients have problems accessing the healthcare system due to lack of financial means to pay for insurance and living in underserved areas (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 328). Eighty eight percent of uninsured people in America required subsidiaries because they could not afford to pay for health insurance coverage (Moyers, 2009). America is the only advanced county in the world that chooses to provide health care coverage through private

Partnership Working in Health and Social Care Sector

Question: Describe about the Case Study for Partnership Working in Health and Social Care Sector. Answer: Introduction The said assignment discusses the working of the health and social care organisations and agencies in relation to their philosophies and their relationships with the patients and service users. The said assignment also talks about different limitations and challenges faced by these organisations and agencies in their routine working. The primary aim of the said assignment is to discuss the importance of health and social care organisations and agencies operative in United Kingdom that work in partnership to serve and promote the health sector and help the disabled in United Kingdom. The said assignment is divided into three sections for better understanding of the entire subject matter dividing the same into important parts which highlight the primary purpose of the said topic which is working in partnership in the health and social care. Understand Partnership philosophies and relationships in health and social care services It is of immense importance to work in partnership in the sphere of health care and social care. Partnership brings out the best implementation of the interests of the social and health care. Partnership plays a key role in the most effective functioning of the sectors of health care. The social care sector also functions best when it works in the sphere of partnership. But, partnership working the sphere of social care and health care is not an easy process. The partnership working involves several philosophies in it (Omachonu and Einspruch 2010). Partnership working philosophies usually refers to the frame-work of procedures and rules that aids in the better management and maintenance of techniques of partnership between different authorities of social care and health care. There are many theories that operate in the corporations of health and social care in England. The philosophies that are used in England used are as follows:- Philosophy of Independence The independence philosophy generally means the capability of health care organizations to take major decisions for any other person during the time of emergency. Several health care and social care agencies found it difficult to respond to calls during the emergency hours of the service users. The interest or objective of the service users are served best in the situations where the said theory brings the features of management and maintenance of the social care organizations (Andrew and Entwistle 2010). Empowerment Philosophy the treatment and betterment of the service users or the disabled are regarded as the primary objective and function of the agencies of the social care and health care. In numerous cases, it is reported that the disabled persons found themselves in problem to live in the society even after treatment. This happens due to the problem of absence of self-confidence. Hence, the said philosophy helps the service users in resolving their problems by themselves, through teaching. Partnership working makes this possible (Care Quality Commission 2012). Philosophy of Respect In any sphere of the universe, the respect theory is regarded as the basic theory of joint working or partnership working in the field of health care and social care. The respect theory aids in protection of the disabled persons by not disclosing any private issue of health, that are kept in the files of the agencies of the health care. (Haubenhofer et al. 2010). Philosophy of autonomy The respect philosophy discussed above, forms the basis of the autonomy philosophy. The capability of any person to decide the personal interest and personal betterment from any environmental changes is known as autonomy in person. Therefore, the autonomy philosophy is applied in the working of the healthy and social care in order to make available the best environment of treatment to the disabled (Great Britain Department of Health 2012). Power Sharing Philosophy in England, the primary tool of partnership working in social care is to scatter the obligations and duties in between the several corporations of social care and health care. The best working of sector occurs through the scattering of the duties of the corporations. Hence, the theory of sharing of power comes into the daily working of the health care corporations when they scatter their duties and tends to make promotion of guidance to their service users. The use of the said theory helps in resolving the disputes among the several corporations of health and social care. The said disputes can be resolved by the application of the philosophy of the power sharing economy. Philosophy of informed choices The informed choices theory is a theory that provides the good effects of working in partnerships by the authorities of social care in England. The service-users can be able to select the best corporation of the health care in accordance with the options of choice to them. Therefore, this philosophy is where all health and social care sector advertises their services collectively to inform the service users about the same (Haubenhofer et al. 2010). The sole process in which the partnership working serves best in social care and health care, is the application of the above-discussed theories in the daily working of its corporations. The attachment between the social care and health care helps in its best working. It is of primary value that health attachment between the corporations of health care and social care promotes healthy working of the corporations. Healthy attachment between the corporations helps in attaining the common goals and objectives of the corporations (Marmo et al. 2012). For example, if a service is unavailable in one organisation, a strong relationship will help the staff of the said organisation to seek help from the organisation, which has the said service available. This in return will be in best interest of the service users especially during the time of emergency. Having strong relationship within and outside health and social care organisations and agencies can be beneficial to service users, professi onal and the whole health sector in United Kingdom as a whole. The strong attachment with the other corporations of health and social care involves the best communication their goals and objectives among their employees and staffs. The healthy attachment between health and social care corporations and individuals aids in the achievement of better facilities of social care and health care. Hence, increasing the partnership between foreign health care corporations of health and social care will help the betterment of the corporations operating in England (Oliver, Sapey and Thomas 2012). Understand how to promote positive partnership working with users of services, professionals and organisations in health and social care services Partnership working in any sphere of the society must be free from disputes and conflicts both internally and externally. The models that are stated in the partnership working of any sector refers to the duties and obligations of the involved persons or organizations. There is partnership working model defined in any sphere as is in the case of social care and health care. The following models helps to understand the positivity in the partnership working of the health and social care corporations: Practical Model the basic objective of the practical model in partnership working in the sphere of social care and health care is the promotion of the facilities of the health care and social care towards the local people. The said model helps in the growth of the infrastructure of the local health care and services. There must be agreements between the local health care corporations in order to enhance the infrastructure of health care in any region. The said contracts are of immense importance as they aim in the improvement of the local health care facilities and they involve the state and federal authorities. The federal authorities through these contracts serve in the linkage of local health and social care for the promotion of the social care. The sole objective of the said contracts in health care service is to make prior decision on the goals and funds of the local health care corporations. (Parton and Berridge 2011). Theoretical Model the theoretical model works in accordance with the following models:- Coordinated Model the coordinated model states that the working of health and social care should be based on the autonomy in person. Personal autonomy shall prevail in the working of the sectors for better working. The said model works promotes collaborative working in order to promote the facilities of health care and comes into play when governmental corporations involves themselves in entering into partnership relations with private corporations. Individual autonomy is the basis of this model. The said model is hard to operate in the corporations having sole frame-work, but in the governmental framework it is easy for the asid model to operate (Petch, Cook and Miller 2013). Unified Model The Unified Model operates in spheres where a sole trust is established in a health care corporation, with a sole finance frame-work and having sole goals, obligations, and methods of social and health care. There are many advantages of the said model. They are cost reduction, as there is only a sole system involved. The system also aids in lowering the investments required in other models. There are several enacted legislations that operates in the sphere of partnership working in the area of health and social care. The following legislations work for the betterment of the infrastructure of social and health care in England. The following legislations work in engaging partnership among the various corporations of health and social care. The enacted laws are as follows: The Health and Social Care Act The act was enacted in the year of 2012 with the objective of enhancing the public health and infrastructure of health care and social care in England. The Care Standard Act The act was enacted in the year 2000 with an objective of providing frame-work to frame the laws regarding the maintenance, working and code of conduct of every social and health care corporations in England. The Mental Capacity Act The said Act was enacted by the Parliament of England in the year 2005 that has the sole objective of making compulsory laws for working in collaboration with the agencies of health and social care, in dealing the mentally retarded persons in England (Richardson2010). The Children Act The Children Act was enacted in the year 2004 with an objective to help the governmental authorities of England, to work in collaboration with the health care corporations for the development of infrastructure of the children care in England (Wilson and Game 2011). The Care Quality Commission Regulation The said regulations emerged in the year 2009 with the objective of promoting better services that are considered risk free to all the persons who uses the services of the health care corporations (Roland, Guthrie and Thom 2012). The above-mentioned legislations that work in the fulfilment of the health and social care provisions in England, has their own advantages and suffers from their own disadvantages. Therefore, applying the legislations, which get bad outcomes give rise to many difference in the health and social care sector. Some of the differences are summed as follows:- Roles and functions in England there is an absence of established framework of duties and obligations of the corporations of the said sector. The absence of the proper framework is the primary factor for the rise of conflicts and differences in the sector of partnership working . Motives and objectives of the organization the several agencies of health and social care in England work in partnership but they often fail to understand the basic objective of working in partnership. Hence, the sole motive of partnership is not served. This is a failure of partnership working. This is also a disadvantage of partnership working. Communication the major disputes of the universe emerges due to the absence of proper communication in like circumstances. There are high chances of conflicts of interests in case of working in partnership in health care. The effective system of communication helps in the smooth and flexible working of the health care corporations (Wilson, Seymour and Perkins 2010). Cultural Differences when the corporations of health and social care works in partnership, the individuals related with the sector works in collaboration. This theory has its own advantages and disadvantages. This can often create cultural differences among the employees of the said sector (Rosen, Goodwin and Dixon 2010). Be able to evaluate the outcomes of partnership working for users of services, professionals and organisations in health and social care services Every service sector has an outcome when it works collectively in partnership with other organisations for a long period. In the same way, the outcome of the partnership working of health and social care organisations and agencies can be studies in three different stages. The said stages are as follows:- Service Users outcome the working in partnership by the health care corporations have their own advantages towards the persons using the services of the corporations. Any user of services refers to the persons who are either disabled or suffers from any private disease. These persons are willing to seek treatment from the corporations of health care. The partnership working of the several health care corporations in England forms the largest groups of trusts, that in turn helps the service users based on payment or because of charity. Working in partnership in the social care process helps the corporations to serve employment to several staff and employ individuals who serve in compliance, to determine the techniques involved in the application of the related legislations in England. The legislations relating to partnership working are discussed above. The partnership working of the health and social care ensures that the services that are not available in one corporation, is availa ble to the service seekers from any other organisation. This helps in the enhancement of the helath care services as every required service is available to the persons seeking the service from the health care service providers in England (Shaw, Rosen and Rumbold 2011). Outcome of professionals working in partnership is of a great advantage to the professionals who are indulged in working in corporations of health and social care. This assures that the there is never lack of emergency professionals like nurses and doctors at any corporations of health care at emergencies. This ensures that there is never the complains of lack of professional persons at any outlet of health and social care. Without working in partnership, this is never possible in any case (Sines, Saunders and Forbes-Burford 2013). Organisational Outcomes the working in partnership has also its outcome in the case of organizations. The organizations generally suffer from lack of prior determined duties and goals of its members. The partnership working ensures that the goals of the health care agencies are not only known to the said agency but also to the other agencies who are in partnership with the said agency. This helps in the attainment of the goals and objectives of the corporations of health care and social care (Steele and Cylus 2012). Therefore, the primary objective of partnership working is the attainment of the goals of the agencies of the health care. But in doing so the corporations suffer from several restrictions. The restrictions or barriers are as follows :- The most evident barrier in the partnership working of health and social care sphere is the absence of a proper frame-work, where the duties, obligations, goals and objectives areb properly defined. There is absence of management and proper maintenance of work ethics in the daily working of the health care organizations. This leads in the loss of work efficacy. The essence of time is the next restriction to the partnership working. The idea of partnership is in lack in the beginning years of partnership. When the concept of the term partnership came into play, the persons engaged in partnership failed to understand their duties and initial responsibilities. The time taken in adjusting to the new concepts of partnership, was a major difficulty or barrier in the partnership working of health care (West 2012). The most important barrier of partnership working is the creation of disputes among the persons of partnership, as they are from different cultures. Internal disputes and conflict s tend to slow down the pace of work of any organization. The partnership disputes often arises from the differential cultures of the partnership professionals. Differential professional cultures refer to the difference in working principles in the partnership environment. The persons engaged in managing the health and social care work in one organization may find it difficult to deal with the managing actions in other organizations. This emphasizes that the goals of one organization varies from the other and the persons who shift themselves from one organization to another may found it difficult to understand the goals of the other organization. Partnership in health and social care involves the work of one organization done by any other organization. This theory ascertain that one act valid in one organization, may be invalid in some other organization. The professionals involved in health and social often lacks the benefits of proper training. Without proper training, it is impos sible for the professionals to work in the corporations of health and social care. The said training programmes must be conducted by the agencies of the government for the better understanding of the terms of health care (Stuckler and Nestle 2012). Several techniques can be attached to the system of social care and health care. For example, the system of said proper training is a technique of improving health care. The certain suggestions for the improvement of health systems are as follows:- The primary action needed in the improvement of health and social care is the scattering of the duties and obligations of the corporations involved in that sector. The sole objective of any agency of health and social care must involve in the resolution of the problems of their service users. The essential information for one corporation may not be essential for another corporation. So, it is essential to identify the information properly. The training of the professionals must be organized in a regular manner. Regular training will ensure the proper systematic working of the professionals and in turn it will help the corporations of the health and social care in attaining their objectives. The training will also result in the efficient and effective working of the health and social care agencies. The social care and the health care agencies must work in collaboration in order to attain any common intention which would aid in the right working of the organizations (Wallerstein and Du ran 2010). Conclusion Partnership working in health and social care sector can lead to multiple benefits, which mostly guarantee positive outcomes and promote the best interest of service users. However, the outcome of this effort of partnership working in health and social sector requires pre-defined rules and philosophy, which help in providing best facilities of health care in the United Kingdom. However, this is only possible if the potential differences and barriers of working in partnership in health care sector can be eliminated by joint efforts. Reference List Andrews, R. and Entwistle, T., 2010. Does cross-sectoral partnership deliver? An empirical exploration of public service effectiveness, efficiency, and equity.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, p.mup045. Care Quality Commission, 2012.The state of health care and adult social care in England in 2011/12(Vol. 763). The Stationery Office. Great Britain. Department of Health, 2012.Health and Social Care Act 2012: Chapter 7, Explanatory Notes. The Stationery Office. Haubenhofer, D. K., Elings, M., Hassink, J., and Hine, R. E. (2010). The development of green care in Western European countries.EXPLORE: the Journal of Science and Healing,6(2), 106-111. Haubenhofer, D.K., Elings, M., Hassink, J. and Hine, R.E., 2010. The development of green care in Western European countries.EXPLORE: the Journal of Science and Healing,6(2), pp.106-111. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R., Bloomer, E. and Goldblatt, P., 2012. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide.The Lancet,380(9846), pp.1011-1029. Oliver, M., Sapey, B. and Thomas, P., 2012.Social work with disabled people. Palgrave Macmillan. Omachonu, V.K. and Einspruch, N.G., 2010. Innovation in healthcare delivery systems: a conceptual framework.The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal,15(1), pp.1-20. Parton, N. and Berridge, D., 2011. Child protection in England.Child protection systems: International trends and orientations, pp.60-88. Petch, A., Cook, A. and Miller, E., 2013. Partnership working and outcomes: do health and social care partnerships deliver for users and carers?.Health social care in the community,21(6), pp.623-633. Richardson, G., 2010. Mental capacity at the margin: the interface between two Acts.Medical law review,18(1), pp.56-77. Roland, M., Guthrie, B. and Thom, D.C., 2012. Primary medical care in the United Kingdom.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,25(Suppl 1), pp.S6-S11. Rosen, R., Goodwin, N. and Dixon, J., 2010.Where next for integrated care organisations in the English NHS?(pp. 15-03). London: Nuffield Trust. Shaw, S., Rosen, R. and Rumbold, B., 2011. What is integrated care.An overview of integrated care in the NHS. London: The Nuffield Trust. Sines, D., Saunders, M. and Forbes-Burford, J. eds., 2013.Community health care nursing. John Wiley Sons. Steele, D. and Cylus, J., 2012. United Kingdom (Scotland): health system review.Health systems in transition,14(9), pp.1-150. Stuckler, D. and Nestle, M., 2012. Big food, food systems, and global health.PLoS Med,9(6), p.e1001242. Wallerstein, N. and Duran, B., 2010. Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity.American journal of public health,100(S1), pp.S40-S46. West, D., 2012. How mobile devices are transforming healthcare.Issues in technology innovation,18(1), pp.1-11. Wilson, D. and Game, C., 2011.Local government in the United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. Wilson, E., Seymour, J.E. and Perkins, P., 2010. Working with the Mental Capacity Act: findings from specialist palliative and neurological care settings.Palliative Medicine,24(4), pp.396-402.

Love Canal Essay Research Paper The Love free essay sample

Love Canal Essay, Research Paper The Love Canal which is located in Niagara Falls, was created in the 1890 s by a man of affairs by the name of William T. Love who wanted to ease hydroelectric power by linking the upper and lower parts of the falls. Love s program fell apart when he lacked funding and cheaper methods of obtaining power became available. The Love Canal was abandoned and shortly afterward the metropolis of Niagara Falls turned the canal into a summer swimming hole ( Beauchamp p. 106 ) . The Hooker Electrochemical Company, which is today the Occidental Chemical Corporation, built its first works in Niagara Falls in 1905 and in 1942 standard permission by the province of New York to utilize the canal for chemical dumping ( Beauchamp p. 106 ) . The company, which manufactures plastics, pesticides, Cl, acerb sodium carbonate and fertilisers, considered the site ideal because it was located in an developing, unpeopled country and because the canal had extremely impermeable clay walls that retained the chemicals with virtually no incursion. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Canal Essay Research Paper The Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Research suggested that the canal s walls allowed merely a tierce of an inch of H2O over a 25-year period ( Beauchamp p. 106 ) . The job with the Love Canal began in 1953 when the Niagara Falls School Board wanted to purchase the land from Hooker Chemical for a new school. Hooker advised against the purchase, warned the school board about the toxic wastes on Love Canal and allowed the board to see the belongings in order to convert them that the site was unsuitable for development. Unfortunately, the school board was non positive and threatened Hooker with high sphere. Hooker, seeing no other pick but to give in to the board, sold it for $ 1.00 with a 17 line limitation in the title to warn the board of the dangers and to turn over future liability to the school. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.globalserve.net/spire/atomcc/history.htm ) . Despite Joseph hookers warnings the belongings was developed and during building 1000s of three-dimensional paces of surface soil were removed. This is suspected to hold damaged the unity of the canal s protective clay covering ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . The harm was apparent when H2O from heavy rains and snow entered the chemical country and overflowed into the land and cellars of resident s places and caused chemical Burnss in kids ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . In an probe by the Health Commissioner of New York in 1978 several occupants showed marks of liver harm, immature adult females had 3 times the normal incidence of abortion and the incidence of birth defects was 3 + times greater in the country ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . After the surveies the school was closed and pregnant adult females and kids were advised to go forth the country ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . The province of New York bought 235 of the houses and President Carter declared Love Canal a catastrophe country ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . Although records are inaccurate, it is indicated that about 21,000 dozenss of different chemicals were dumped at the site between 1942 and 1953 ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . More than 250 different chemicals have been identified. Some of them are the most deadly substances known ; such as dioxin, arsenic, benzine, Cd, lead, quicksilver, DDT s and PCB s. Many are mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.globalserve.net/spire/atomcc/chemical.htm ) . In 1977 the metropolis of Niagara Falls hired an technology house to analyze the site and do recommendations about how to clean up the 21,000 dozenss of toxic waste. The Hooker Chemical Corporation helped by giving proficient aid, information and forces. Hooker, the school board and the metropolis every bit shared the measure for the 2nd survey. Hooker besides offered to pay 1/3 of the clean up costs which were estimated to be about $ 850,000 ( Beauchamp p. 108 ) . In 1980 Hooker Chemical Corporation was confronting over $ 2 billion dollars in cases for the Love Canal and other instances. The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) besides had filed four suits against them for $ 124.5 million dollars ( Beauchamp p.108-109 ) . In a federal tribunal in 1988 the justice ruled that Occidental Petroleum Corporation was responsible for the costs of the Love Canal clean up which was estimated at $ 250 million dollars ( Beauchamp p. 113 ) . But in March 1994, the federal tribunal held that Occidental was non responsible for punitory amendss ( Beauchamp p. 114 ) . In June of that same twelvemonth Occidental agreed to pay the province of New York $ 98 million for amendss and to be responsible for the clean up costs which were estimated at $ 22 million ( Beauchamp p. 114 ) . In May of 1990 it was announced that the Love Canal had been opened by the authorities and 236 new places were built. The new place gross revenues at Love Cana cubic decimeter, now called Black Creek Village, was really successful, but critics remain disbelieving. Although trials show it is now safe, sceptics province that no trials have been done on the former occupants since 1983 ( Beauchamp p. 115 ) . The instance of the Love Canal brings up many inquiries about a corporations duties, rights and duties when past patterns are involved. There are moral and economic dilemas due to of all time altering attitudes and outlooks about how companies should act. There are two major issues involved in the Love Canal instance. First, should companies be judged by today s criterions for patterns that were common or even province of the art 50 old ages ago? ( Beauchamp p. 114 ) . Many companies, including Hooker, adhered to the jurisprudence during the clip. Are these companies expected to be entirely responsible when Torahs, cognition and attitudes change or is the authorities partly to fault for neglecting to protect societal public assistance by leting companies to self-regulate? Possibly they are both responsible. Although Hooker gained permission by the province of New York to dump chemicals in the country and used the best method of disposal available at the clip the company knew of the possible hazards involved. In visible radiation of this, Hooker, who had a right to do a net income on chemical merchandises, besides had a responsibility to avoid harming the populace and to assist in protecting the populace. Even though Hooker has this responsibility it is non the company s exclusive duty. The responsibilities of authorities and the responsibilities of corporations are non the same. Corporations can non and should non be held to the same criterions for protecting public assistance as authoritiess are ( Donaldson p. 101 ) . The authorities is designed to protect societal public assistance by modulating companies to guarantee they adhere to certain ethical criterions. Fifty old ages ago companies were mostly unregulated and were left to do moral determinations that frequently interfered with net income motivations. When a hapless pick was made the populace had to pay. Companies are non equipped to manage the function of the authorities. It is the authorities s responsibility to assistance and protect society from physical injury and when it fails in this responsibility companies can non be expected to make full the nothingness. For this ground the authorities is partly to fault for the dum ping at Love Canal. The 2nd issue is that of the development of the Love Canal. The major inquiry here is how much of a responsibility does a corporation have in protecting the populace when the local authorities has threatened eminent sphere? Hooker neer denied dumping chemical waste at the Love Canal ( Beauchamp p. 110 ) nor did the company attempt to lead on the school board, on the contrary, Hooker made a important attempt to repeatedly warn the school board that the site was unsuitable for development. Hooker protested in a public meeting, in authorship and in the title which stated the belongings s yesteryear usage and that all future hazards be passed on to the school board ( Beauchamp p. 110-111 ) . Hooker tried to protect itself and in making this it besides attempted to avoid striping the populace of physical security and subsistence, but was it expected to make more? Again, Hooker s responsibility was to assist in protecting society from physical injury, to inform the school board of the belo ngings s yesteryear usage and to reason against the development due to it s being unsuitable for habitation. Hooker met these responsibilities unlike the school board and the metropolis of Niagara Falls. The school board and the metropolis had a right to purchase land and finally do a net income, but in their attempts to happen inexpensive land they forgot what one of their major responsibilities was. This major responsibility was to assistance and protect the populace from injury. It is for this ground the metropolis of Niagara Falls and the school board is mostly responsible for the Love Canal catastrophe. The metropolis s responsibility to protect societal public assistance is heavier than Hooker s responsibility and while Hooker tried to run into this responsibility, nevertheless self-motivating it might hold been, the metropolis and the school board blatantly ignored their duties. Although Hooker Chemical Corporation tried to adhere to the Torahs, protect itself and the populace, the company did hold a responsibility to clean up the chemicals at Love Canal. But, Hooker does non hold a responsibility to pay for the emptying of the occupants. This was the duty of the metropolis, the province of New York and finally, as a catastrophe country, the federal authorities. The authorities was speedy to indicate the finger at Hooker, but failed to see or acknowledge it had besides played a portion. If the authorities leaves corporations unregulated it is partly to fault for what occurs. It is the authorities who has the chief responsibility to protect its citizens from injury non a corporations and if the authorities fails they should be willing to pay a big per centum of the monetary value.