Character Analysis The Catcher In The Rye - 1297 Words

When a family member passes away it causes hardship, not only immediate, but also in the long term. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, The main character, Holden Caulfield, experiences the loss of his brother. He is distanced from his family and friends emotionally, and at boarding school, is separated physically. Out of fear, he begins to shield himself from the world around him. Because of the death of Allie, Holden pushes away any new relationships that could lead to him getting hurt and clings onto those he already had. When Holden was at the young age of 13, he was burdened with the death of his little brother. He idolized Allie, and although older, he looked up to him. When Allie died, Holden was angry, sad, and†¦show more content†¦He does not know when the right time to put himself out there is. Jane Gallagher on the other hand, creates a sense that he is fearful of their relationship. He puts off every chance he gets to contact her. He remembers there being a real connection. â€Å"I’m not in the mood right now†¦ You have to be in the mood for those things† (Salinger 33). Holden had the chance many times to go see her, or call her, but he had convinced himself that he was not prepared to see her. She knew about Allie and Holden withheld the chance to have her in his life, again out of fear of loss. Since the death of his brother, Holden has clung to stability. The only things in his life that are stable, are his siblings. Although his brother DB lives in California, he is still there for Holden â€Å"He’s in hollywood, That isn’t too far from this crumby place, and he comes and visits me practically every week† ( Salinger 1). Holden holds on to the last thing of his family that is the same from before Allie died. He has his brother and sister, and always will. Holden, when leaving Pencey, wants to talk to his sister. â€Å"Anyway, she was somebody you always felt like talking to on the phone. But I was too afraid that my parents would answer† (Salinger 68). He Garrett 3 has no way of seeing her without going home, but he trusts her the most out of any other character in the novel. Holden can’t fathom thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Characters And Themes Of The Catcher Rye 1537 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of Characters and Themes in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 to a wealthy Manhattan family. He grew up in the same social conditions as Holden Caulfield does in The Catcher in the Rye. The last thing Salinger cared about was being a successful student because he was very lazy, without care for his responsibilities and tasks. Salinger flunked out of many prep schools, and his parents sent him to a military academy named Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, where he graduatedRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger is about a boy named Holden Caulfield who got kicked out of Pencey Prep, a private school for boys. Throughout the story Holden shows his dislike for society because he believes that it corrupts the innocent. Some people might say that Holden doesn ´t understand that as an adult, most innocent people stay innocent and he is just judgemental of all the people around him. Salinger suggests that in order to transition to the adult world prop erly, an individualRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Catcher In The Rye1101 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield is a character who has been through rejection and wishes to protect others innocence. He is a teen boy who is the main character in Catcher in The Rye by J.D.Salinger. He has an older brother named DB, a younger sister named Phoebe, and a younger, deceased, brother named Allie. Holden retells his story on him, trying to be the catcher in the rye. Holden has been kicked out of different colleges. He has been rejected by different girls. Holden goes through his life story. He talksRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis788 Words   |  4 Pagesbrutally experiences both at the same time. Recognizing and understanding these representations can help you the most when trying to comprehend this character and real life people who struggle with these problems. In JD Salinger’s coming-of-age novel, The Catcher in the Rye, themes and objects that directly represent sym bolism in the main character, Holden’s, depression and loneliness. In the novel, many scenes have phones in them, which represents Holden’s loneliness. When he first arrives backRead MoreCharacter Analysis : The Catcher In The Rye2036 Words   |  9 Pagesisolation, they sometimes struggle to come to terms with the sadness and truths of those experiences. They may lie to other people and themselves in order to hide their pain, and sometimes they can become stuck. In the classic fiction novel The Catcher in the Rye written by J.D. Salinger, Holden is a troubled adolescent, who is unable to move forward in life after witnessing the death of his younger brother, Allie at age 13. The death of Allie ended Holden’s childhood, but Holden’s reluctance to moveRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Character Analysis1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthat fulfill their ideals or agree with the things they say, but these relationships can also help one discover their personal philosophies by reinforcing opposing views. Indeed, in J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, the way Holden reacts to and interacts with secondary characters reveal his established philosophies and the values he holds most dear to him. Although Holden never directly interacts with Jane Gallagher during the course of the novel, the way he thinks and talks about herRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis940 Words   |  4 PagesIn chapter ten of J.D. Salinger’s, Catcher in the Rye, there are three important concepts: loneliness, depression, and idealism. Holden evinces these concepts when he talks about his younger sister, goes to the Lavender room, and mentions Radio City Music Hall. Each of these concepts builds upon each other, especially the idea that Holden is lonely. Holden is alone once he arrives in New York after leaving Pencey Prep. Holden’s loneliness makes him think of his younger sister, Phoebe, who has a lotRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Character Analysis715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is narrated by the main character, a sixteen year-old boy named Holden Caulfield. The story starts out with Holden attending a prep school near New York City called Pencey Academy. Soon we discover that Holden has been â€Å"given the axe† because of his apparent apathy about school and his grades. Unfortunately, Pencey is only one in a series of schools that Holden has flunked out of. The plot is all about Holden going out on an adventure by himself and tryingRead More The Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield741 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield In J.D. Salingers novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caufield, describes in detail the parts of his life and his environment that bother him the most. He faces these problems with a kind of naivety that prevents him from fully understanding why it is that he is so depressed. His life revolves around his problems, and he seems helpless in evading them. Among others, Holden finds himself facing the issues ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye 1733 Words   |  7 PagesBroderick-King English 101 5/24/16 Essay A.M.D.G. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is faced with multiple â€Å"phonies† that divert him from those he really holds affection for. Throughout the novel Holden shows disgust for certain characters but his ability to build relationships of intimacy are most eminent. Through Allie Caulfield, Holden is able to make a more personal connection. Seeing

Final Critical Analysis Healthcare Delivery - 1730 Words

Final Critical Analysis Healthcare delivery in the United States is complex system that is conditionally changing. New policies, physician availability, insurance trends, technology, population growth, and cultural influences shape patient access (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 353). Healthcare reform is a highly debated topic in America today. By adding funds to the current system it is treating the symptoms and not addressing the cause of the delivery system problems (Moyers, 2009). There are many aspects of the health system that need to be evaluated and improved in the near future (Wexler, et al. 2014). Controlling Insurance Costs Controlling insurance costs is a significant political topic in America. The uninsured in America totals forty†¦show more content†¦219). Expert evaluation of services to provide only medically necessary care, providing services that are less expensive while providing quality care, and revising a patient’s course of treatment with regards to changing conditions are ways managed care controls costs (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 220). Cost sharing helps alleviate the costs on the insurance companies by having the insured take on some of the risk through premium cost sharing, deductibles, and copayments. Sharing the cost helps to control utilization of healthcare services (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 136). Increasing Coverage (access) Persistent problems with the healthcare system have caused limited access to a large population of the U.S. There are many precipitating factors that can prevent access to healthcare (CDC, 2011). Higher social status, including money, power and prestige are always associated with better access to medical care and preventive treatments (Cerda, Tracy, Ahem, Galae, 2014). Low income patients have problems accessing the healthcare system due to lack of financial means to pay for insurance and living in underserved areas (Shi Singh, 2013, p. 328). Eighty eight percent of uninsured people in America required subsidiaries because they could not afford to pay for health insurance coverage (Moyers, 2009). America is the only advanced county in the world that chooses to provide health care coverage through private

Partnership Working in Health and Social Care Sector

Question: Describe about the Case Study for Partnership Working in Health and Social Care Sector. Answer: Introduction The said assignment discusses the working of the health and social care organisations and agencies in relation to their philosophies and their relationships with the patients and service users. The said assignment also talks about different limitations and challenges faced by these organisations and agencies in their routine working. The primary aim of the said assignment is to discuss the importance of health and social care organisations and agencies operative in United Kingdom that work in partnership to serve and promote the health sector and help the disabled in United Kingdom. The said assignment is divided into three sections for better understanding of the entire subject matter dividing the same into important parts which highlight the primary purpose of the said topic which is working in partnership in the health and social care. Understand Partnership philosophies and relationships in health and social care services It is of immense importance to work in partnership in the sphere of health care and social care. Partnership brings out the best implementation of the interests of the social and health care. Partnership plays a key role in the most effective functioning of the sectors of health care. The social care sector also functions best when it works in the sphere of partnership. But, partnership working the sphere of social care and health care is not an easy process. The partnership working involves several philosophies in it (Omachonu and Einspruch 2010). Partnership working philosophies usually refers to the frame-work of procedures and rules that aids in the better management and maintenance of techniques of partnership between different authorities of social care and health care. There are many theories that operate in the corporations of health and social care in England. The philosophies that are used in England used are as follows:- Philosophy of Independence The independence philosophy generally means the capability of health care organizations to take major decisions for any other person during the time of emergency. Several health care and social care agencies found it difficult to respond to calls during the emergency hours of the service users. The interest or objective of the service users are served best in the situations where the said theory brings the features of management and maintenance of the social care organizations (Andrew and Entwistle 2010). Empowerment Philosophy the treatment and betterment of the service users or the disabled are regarded as the primary objective and function of the agencies of the social care and health care. In numerous cases, it is reported that the disabled persons found themselves in problem to live in the society even after treatment. This happens due to the problem of absence of self-confidence. Hence, the said philosophy helps the service users in resolving their problems by themselves, through teaching. Partnership working makes this possible (Care Quality Commission 2012). Philosophy of Respect In any sphere of the universe, the respect theory is regarded as the basic theory of joint working or partnership working in the field of health care and social care. The respect theory aids in protection of the disabled persons by not disclosing any private issue of health, that are kept in the files of the agencies of the health care. (Haubenhofer et al. 2010). Philosophy of autonomy The respect philosophy discussed above, forms the basis of the autonomy philosophy. The capability of any person to decide the personal interest and personal betterment from any environmental changes is known as autonomy in person. Therefore, the autonomy philosophy is applied in the working of the healthy and social care in order to make available the best environment of treatment to the disabled (Great Britain Department of Health 2012). Power Sharing Philosophy in England, the primary tool of partnership working in social care is to scatter the obligations and duties in between the several corporations of social care and health care. The best working of sector occurs through the scattering of the duties of the corporations. Hence, the theory of sharing of power comes into the daily working of the health care corporations when they scatter their duties and tends to make promotion of guidance to their service users. The use of the said theory helps in resolving the disputes among the several corporations of health and social care. The said disputes can be resolved by the application of the philosophy of the power sharing economy. Philosophy of informed choices The informed choices theory is a theory that provides the good effects of working in partnerships by the authorities of social care in England. The service-users can be able to select the best corporation of the health care in accordance with the options of choice to them. Therefore, this philosophy is where all health and social care sector advertises their services collectively to inform the service users about the same (Haubenhofer et al. 2010). The sole process in which the partnership working serves best in social care and health care, is the application of the above-discussed theories in the daily working of its corporations. The attachment between the social care and health care helps in its best working. It is of primary value that health attachment between the corporations of health care and social care promotes healthy working of the corporations. Healthy attachment between the corporations helps in attaining the common goals and objectives of the corporations (Marmo et al. 2012). For example, if a service is unavailable in one organisation, a strong relationship will help the staff of the said organisation to seek help from the organisation, which has the said service available. This in return will be in best interest of the service users especially during the time of emergency. Having strong relationship within and outside health and social care organisations and agencies can be beneficial to service users, professi onal and the whole health sector in United Kingdom as a whole. The strong attachment with the other corporations of health and social care involves the best communication their goals and objectives among their employees and staffs. The healthy attachment between health and social care corporations and individuals aids in the achievement of better facilities of social care and health care. Hence, increasing the partnership between foreign health care corporations of health and social care will help the betterment of the corporations operating in England (Oliver, Sapey and Thomas 2012). Understand how to promote positive partnership working with users of services, professionals and organisations in health and social care services Partnership working in any sphere of the society must be free from disputes and conflicts both internally and externally. The models that are stated in the partnership working of any sector refers to the duties and obligations of the involved persons or organizations. There is partnership working model defined in any sphere as is in the case of social care and health care. The following models helps to understand the positivity in the partnership working of the health and social care corporations: Practical Model the basic objective of the practical model in partnership working in the sphere of social care and health care is the promotion of the facilities of the health care and social care towards the local people. The said model helps in the growth of the infrastructure of the local health care and services. There must be agreements between the local health care corporations in order to enhance the infrastructure of health care in any region. The said contracts are of immense importance as they aim in the improvement of the local health care facilities and they involve the state and federal authorities. The federal authorities through these contracts serve in the linkage of local health and social care for the promotion of the social care. The sole objective of the said contracts in health care service is to make prior decision on the goals and funds of the local health care corporations. (Parton and Berridge 2011). Theoretical Model the theoretical model works in accordance with the following models:- Coordinated Model the coordinated model states that the working of health and social care should be based on the autonomy in person. Personal autonomy shall prevail in the working of the sectors for better working. The said model works promotes collaborative working in order to promote the facilities of health care and comes into play when governmental corporations involves themselves in entering into partnership relations with private corporations. Individual autonomy is the basis of this model. The said model is hard to operate in the corporations having sole frame-work, but in the governmental framework it is easy for the asid model to operate (Petch, Cook and Miller 2013). Unified Model The Unified Model operates in spheres where a sole trust is established in a health care corporation, with a sole finance frame-work and having sole goals, obligations, and methods of social and health care. There are many advantages of the said model. They are cost reduction, as there is only a sole system involved. The system also aids in lowering the investments required in other models. There are several enacted legislations that operates in the sphere of partnership working in the area of health and social care. The following legislations work for the betterment of the infrastructure of social and health care in England. The following legislations work in engaging partnership among the various corporations of health and social care. The enacted laws are as follows: The Health and Social Care Act The act was enacted in the year of 2012 with the objective of enhancing the public health and infrastructure of health care and social care in England. The Care Standard Act The act was enacted in the year 2000 with an objective of providing frame-work to frame the laws regarding the maintenance, working and code of conduct of every social and health care corporations in England. The Mental Capacity Act The said Act was enacted by the Parliament of England in the year 2005 that has the sole objective of making compulsory laws for working in collaboration with the agencies of health and social care, in dealing the mentally retarded persons in England (Richardson2010). The Children Act The Children Act was enacted in the year 2004 with an objective to help the governmental authorities of England, to work in collaboration with the health care corporations for the development of infrastructure of the children care in England (Wilson and Game 2011). The Care Quality Commission Regulation The said regulations emerged in the year 2009 with the objective of promoting better services that are considered risk free to all the persons who uses the services of the health care corporations (Roland, Guthrie and Thom 2012). The above-mentioned legislations that work in the fulfilment of the health and social care provisions in England, has their own advantages and suffers from their own disadvantages. Therefore, applying the legislations, which get bad outcomes give rise to many difference in the health and social care sector. Some of the differences are summed as follows:- Roles and functions in England there is an absence of established framework of duties and obligations of the corporations of the said sector. The absence of the proper framework is the primary factor for the rise of conflicts and differences in the sector of partnership working . Motives and objectives of the organization the several agencies of health and social care in England work in partnership but they often fail to understand the basic objective of working in partnership. Hence, the sole motive of partnership is not served. This is a failure of partnership working. This is also a disadvantage of partnership working. Communication the major disputes of the universe emerges due to the absence of proper communication in like circumstances. There are high chances of conflicts of interests in case of working in partnership in health care. The effective system of communication helps in the smooth and flexible working of the health care corporations (Wilson, Seymour and Perkins 2010). Cultural Differences when the corporations of health and social care works in partnership, the individuals related with the sector works in collaboration. This theory has its own advantages and disadvantages. This can often create cultural differences among the employees of the said sector (Rosen, Goodwin and Dixon 2010). Be able to evaluate the outcomes of partnership working for users of services, professionals and organisations in health and social care services Every service sector has an outcome when it works collectively in partnership with other organisations for a long period. In the same way, the outcome of the partnership working of health and social care organisations and agencies can be studies in three different stages. The said stages are as follows:- Service Users outcome the working in partnership by the health care corporations have their own advantages towards the persons using the services of the corporations. Any user of services refers to the persons who are either disabled or suffers from any private disease. These persons are willing to seek treatment from the corporations of health care. The partnership working of the several health care corporations in England forms the largest groups of trusts, that in turn helps the service users based on payment or because of charity. Working in partnership in the social care process helps the corporations to serve employment to several staff and employ individuals who serve in compliance, to determine the techniques involved in the application of the related legislations in England. The legislations relating to partnership working are discussed above. The partnership working of the health and social care ensures that the services that are not available in one corporation, is availa ble to the service seekers from any other organisation. This helps in the enhancement of the helath care services as every required service is available to the persons seeking the service from the health care service providers in England (Shaw, Rosen and Rumbold 2011). Outcome of professionals working in partnership is of a great advantage to the professionals who are indulged in working in corporations of health and social care. This assures that the there is never lack of emergency professionals like nurses and doctors at any corporations of health care at emergencies. This ensures that there is never the complains of lack of professional persons at any outlet of health and social care. Without working in partnership, this is never possible in any case (Sines, Saunders and Forbes-Burford 2013). Organisational Outcomes the working in partnership has also its outcome in the case of organizations. The organizations generally suffer from lack of prior determined duties and goals of its members. The partnership working ensures that the goals of the health care agencies are not only known to the said agency but also to the other agencies who are in partnership with the said agency. This helps in the attainment of the goals and objectives of the corporations of health care and social care (Steele and Cylus 2012). Therefore, the primary objective of partnership working is the attainment of the goals of the agencies of the health care. But in doing so the corporations suffer from several restrictions. The restrictions or barriers are as follows :- The most evident barrier in the partnership working of health and social care sphere is the absence of a proper frame-work, where the duties, obligations, goals and objectives areb properly defined. There is absence of management and proper maintenance of work ethics in the daily working of the health care organizations. This leads in the loss of work efficacy. The essence of time is the next restriction to the partnership working. The idea of partnership is in lack in the beginning years of partnership. When the concept of the term partnership came into play, the persons engaged in partnership failed to understand their duties and initial responsibilities. The time taken in adjusting to the new concepts of partnership, was a major difficulty or barrier in the partnership working of health care (West 2012). The most important barrier of partnership working is the creation of disputes among the persons of partnership, as they are from different cultures. Internal disputes and conflict s tend to slow down the pace of work of any organization. The partnership disputes often arises from the differential cultures of the partnership professionals. Differential professional cultures refer to the difference in working principles in the partnership environment. The persons engaged in managing the health and social care work in one organization may find it difficult to deal with the managing actions in other organizations. This emphasizes that the goals of one organization varies from the other and the persons who shift themselves from one organization to another may found it difficult to understand the goals of the other organization. Partnership in health and social care involves the work of one organization done by any other organization. This theory ascertain that one act valid in one organization, may be invalid in some other organization. The professionals involved in health and social often lacks the benefits of proper training. Without proper training, it is impos sible for the professionals to work in the corporations of health and social care. The said training programmes must be conducted by the agencies of the government for the better understanding of the terms of health care (Stuckler and Nestle 2012). Several techniques can be attached to the system of social care and health care. For example, the system of said proper training is a technique of improving health care. The certain suggestions for the improvement of health systems are as follows:- The primary action needed in the improvement of health and social care is the scattering of the duties and obligations of the corporations involved in that sector. The sole objective of any agency of health and social care must involve in the resolution of the problems of their service users. The essential information for one corporation may not be essential for another corporation. So, it is essential to identify the information properly. The training of the professionals must be organized in a regular manner. Regular training will ensure the proper systematic working of the professionals and in turn it will help the corporations of the health and social care in attaining their objectives. The training will also result in the efficient and effective working of the health and social care agencies. The social care and the health care agencies must work in collaboration in order to attain any common intention which would aid in the right working of the organizations (Wallerstein and Du ran 2010). Conclusion Partnership working in health and social care sector can lead to multiple benefits, which mostly guarantee positive outcomes and promote the best interest of service users. However, the outcome of this effort of partnership working in health and social sector requires pre-defined rules and philosophy, which help in providing best facilities of health care in the United Kingdom. However, this is only possible if the potential differences and barriers of working in partnership in health care sector can be eliminated by joint efforts. Reference List Andrews, R. and Entwistle, T., 2010. Does cross-sectoral partnership deliver? An empirical exploration of public service effectiveness, efficiency, and equity.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, p.mup045. Care Quality Commission, 2012.The state of health care and adult social care in England in 2011/12(Vol. 763). The Stationery Office. Great Britain. Department of Health, 2012.Health and Social Care Act 2012: Chapter 7, Explanatory Notes. The Stationery Office. Haubenhofer, D. K., Elings, M., Hassink, J., and Hine, R. E. (2010). The development of green care in Western European countries.EXPLORE: the Journal of Science and Healing,6(2), 106-111. Haubenhofer, D.K., Elings, M., Hassink, J. and Hine, R.E., 2010. The development of green care in Western European countries.EXPLORE: the Journal of Science and Healing,6(2), pp.106-111. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R., Bloomer, E. and Goldblatt, P., 2012. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide.The Lancet,380(9846), pp.1011-1029. Oliver, M., Sapey, B. and Thomas, P., 2012.Social work with disabled people. Palgrave Macmillan. Omachonu, V.K. and Einspruch, N.G., 2010. Innovation in healthcare delivery systems: a conceptual framework.The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal,15(1), pp.1-20. Parton, N. and Berridge, D., 2011. Child protection in England.Child protection systems: International trends and orientations, pp.60-88. Petch, A., Cook, A. and Miller, E., 2013. Partnership working and outcomes: do health and social care partnerships deliver for users and carers?.Health social care in the community,21(6), pp.623-633. Richardson, G., 2010. Mental capacity at the margin: the interface between two Acts.Medical law review,18(1), pp.56-77. Roland, M., Guthrie, B. and Thom, D.C., 2012. Primary medical care in the United Kingdom.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,25(Suppl 1), pp.S6-S11. Rosen, R., Goodwin, N. and Dixon, J., 2010.Where next for integrated care organisations in the English NHS?(pp. 15-03). London: Nuffield Trust. Shaw, S., Rosen, R. and Rumbold, B., 2011. What is integrated care.An overview of integrated care in the NHS. London: The Nuffield Trust. Sines, D., Saunders, M. and Forbes-Burford, J. eds., 2013.Community health care nursing. John Wiley Sons. Steele, D. and Cylus, J., 2012. United Kingdom (Scotland): health system review.Health systems in transition,14(9), pp.1-150. Stuckler, D. and Nestle, M., 2012. Big food, food systems, and global health.PLoS Med,9(6), p.e1001242. Wallerstein, N. and Duran, B., 2010. Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity.American journal of public health,100(S1), pp.S40-S46. West, D., 2012. How mobile devices are transforming healthcare.Issues in technology innovation,18(1), pp.1-11. Wilson, D. and Game, C., 2011.Local government in the United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. Wilson, E., Seymour, J.E. and Perkins, P., 2010. Working with the Mental Capacity Act: findings from specialist palliative and neurological care settings.Palliative Medicine,24(4), pp.396-402.

Love Canal Essay Research Paper The Love free essay sample

Love Canal Essay, Research Paper The Love Canal which is located in Niagara Falls, was created in the 1890 s by a man of affairs by the name of William T. Love who wanted to ease hydroelectric power by linking the upper and lower parts of the falls. Love s program fell apart when he lacked funding and cheaper methods of obtaining power became available. The Love Canal was abandoned and shortly afterward the metropolis of Niagara Falls turned the canal into a summer swimming hole ( Beauchamp p. 106 ) . The Hooker Electrochemical Company, which is today the Occidental Chemical Corporation, built its first works in Niagara Falls in 1905 and in 1942 standard permission by the province of New York to utilize the canal for chemical dumping ( Beauchamp p. 106 ) . The company, which manufactures plastics, pesticides, Cl, acerb sodium carbonate and fertilisers, considered the site ideal because it was located in an developing, unpeopled country and because the canal had extremely impermeable clay walls that retained the chemicals with virtually no incursion. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Canal Essay Research Paper The Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Research suggested that the canal s walls allowed merely a tierce of an inch of H2O over a 25-year period ( Beauchamp p. 106 ) . The job with the Love Canal began in 1953 when the Niagara Falls School Board wanted to purchase the land from Hooker Chemical for a new school. Hooker advised against the purchase, warned the school board about the toxic wastes on Love Canal and allowed the board to see the belongings in order to convert them that the site was unsuitable for development. Unfortunately, the school board was non positive and threatened Hooker with high sphere. Hooker, seeing no other pick but to give in to the board, sold it for $ 1.00 with a 17 line limitation in the title to warn the board of the dangers and to turn over future liability to the school. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.globalserve.net/spire/atomcc/history.htm ) . Despite Joseph hookers warnings the belongings was developed and during building 1000s of three-dimensional paces of surface soil were removed. This is suspected to hold damaged the unity of the canal s protective clay covering ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . The harm was apparent when H2O from heavy rains and snow entered the chemical country and overflowed into the land and cellars of resident s places and caused chemical Burnss in kids ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . In an probe by the Health Commissioner of New York in 1978 several occupants showed marks of liver harm, immature adult females had 3 times the normal incidence of abortion and the incidence of birth defects was 3 + times greater in the country ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . After the surveies the school was closed and pregnant adult females and kids were advised to go forth the country ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . The province of New York bought 235 of the houses and President Carter declared Love Canal a catastrophe country ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . Although records are inaccurate, it is indicated that about 21,000 dozenss of different chemicals were dumped at the site between 1942 and 1953 ( Beauchamp p. 107 ) . More than 250 different chemicals have been identified. Some of them are the most deadly substances known ; such as dioxin, arsenic, benzine, Cd, lead, quicksilver, DDT s and PCB s. Many are mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.globalserve.net/spire/atomcc/chemical.htm ) . In 1977 the metropolis of Niagara Falls hired an technology house to analyze the site and do recommendations about how to clean up the 21,000 dozenss of toxic waste. The Hooker Chemical Corporation helped by giving proficient aid, information and forces. Hooker, the school board and the metropolis every bit shared the measure for the 2nd survey. Hooker besides offered to pay 1/3 of the clean up costs which were estimated to be about $ 850,000 ( Beauchamp p. 108 ) . In 1980 Hooker Chemical Corporation was confronting over $ 2 billion dollars in cases for the Love Canal and other instances. The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) besides had filed four suits against them for $ 124.5 million dollars ( Beauchamp p.108-109 ) . In a federal tribunal in 1988 the justice ruled that Occidental Petroleum Corporation was responsible for the costs of the Love Canal clean up which was estimated at $ 250 million dollars ( Beauchamp p. 113 ) . But in March 1994, the federal tribunal held that Occidental was non responsible for punitory amendss ( Beauchamp p. 114 ) . In June of that same twelvemonth Occidental agreed to pay the province of New York $ 98 million for amendss and to be responsible for the clean up costs which were estimated at $ 22 million ( Beauchamp p. 114 ) . In May of 1990 it was announced that the Love Canal had been opened by the authorities and 236 new places were built. The new place gross revenues at Love Cana cubic decimeter, now called Black Creek Village, was really successful, but critics remain disbelieving. Although trials show it is now safe, sceptics province that no trials have been done on the former occupants since 1983 ( Beauchamp p. 115 ) . The instance of the Love Canal brings up many inquiries about a corporations duties, rights and duties when past patterns are involved. There are moral and economic dilemas due to of all time altering attitudes and outlooks about how companies should act. There are two major issues involved in the Love Canal instance. First, should companies be judged by today s criterions for patterns that were common or even province of the art 50 old ages ago? ( Beauchamp p. 114 ) . Many companies, including Hooker, adhered to the jurisprudence during the clip. Are these companies expected to be entirely responsible when Torahs, cognition and attitudes change or is the authorities partly to fault for neglecting to protect societal public assistance by leting companies to self-regulate? Possibly they are both responsible. Although Hooker gained permission by the province of New York to dump chemicals in the country and used the best method of disposal available at the clip the company knew of the possible hazards involved. In visible radiation of this, Hooker, who had a right to do a net income on chemical merchandises, besides had a responsibility to avoid harming the populace and to assist in protecting the populace. Even though Hooker has this responsibility it is non the company s exclusive duty. The responsibilities of authorities and the responsibilities of corporations are non the same. Corporations can non and should non be held to the same criterions for protecting public assistance as authoritiess are ( Donaldson p. 101 ) . The authorities is designed to protect societal public assistance by modulating companies to guarantee they adhere to certain ethical criterions. Fifty old ages ago companies were mostly unregulated and were left to do moral determinations that frequently interfered with net income motivations. When a hapless pick was made the populace had to pay. Companies are non equipped to manage the function of the authorities. It is the authorities s responsibility to assistance and protect society from physical injury and when it fails in this responsibility companies can non be expected to make full the nothingness. For this ground the authorities is partly to fault for the dum ping at Love Canal. The 2nd issue is that of the development of the Love Canal. The major inquiry here is how much of a responsibility does a corporation have in protecting the populace when the local authorities has threatened eminent sphere? Hooker neer denied dumping chemical waste at the Love Canal ( Beauchamp p. 110 ) nor did the company attempt to lead on the school board, on the contrary, Hooker made a important attempt to repeatedly warn the school board that the site was unsuitable for development. Hooker protested in a public meeting, in authorship and in the title which stated the belongings s yesteryear usage and that all future hazards be passed on to the school board ( Beauchamp p. 110-111 ) . Hooker tried to protect itself and in making this it besides attempted to avoid striping the populace of physical security and subsistence, but was it expected to make more? Again, Hooker s responsibility was to assist in protecting society from physical injury, to inform the school board of the belo ngings s yesteryear usage and to reason against the development due to it s being unsuitable for habitation. Hooker met these responsibilities unlike the school board and the metropolis of Niagara Falls. The school board and the metropolis had a right to purchase land and finally do a net income, but in their attempts to happen inexpensive land they forgot what one of their major responsibilities was. This major responsibility was to assistance and protect the populace from injury. It is for this ground the metropolis of Niagara Falls and the school board is mostly responsible for the Love Canal catastrophe. The metropolis s responsibility to protect societal public assistance is heavier than Hooker s responsibility and while Hooker tried to run into this responsibility, nevertheless self-motivating it might hold been, the metropolis and the school board blatantly ignored their duties. Although Hooker Chemical Corporation tried to adhere to the Torahs, protect itself and the populace, the company did hold a responsibility to clean up the chemicals at Love Canal. But, Hooker does non hold a responsibility to pay for the emptying of the occupants. This was the duty of the metropolis, the province of New York and finally, as a catastrophe country, the federal authorities. The authorities was speedy to indicate the finger at Hooker, but failed to see or acknowledge it had besides played a portion. If the authorities leaves corporations unregulated it is partly to fault for what occurs. It is the authorities who has the chief responsibility to protect its citizens from injury non a corporations and if the authorities fails they should be willing to pay a big per centum of the monetary value.

Charlottes Web and Lincoln a Photobiography

Charlottes Web and Lincoln a Photobiography E.B White’s book, Charlotte’s Web, tells the story of a piglet rescued from death from its owner by the owner’s daughter, Fern. Fern appeals to her father’s sense of justice, pleading with him that, to kill the piglet just because it is a rant would be most unfair. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte’s Web and Lincoln: a Photobiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wilbur, the piglet, thus survives and lives an adventurous life, later being sold to the Zuckermans, on whose firm he develops a friendship with a spider named Charlotte, who saves the life of Wilbur again when the owner tries to slaughter him over the Christmas season. Russell Freedman’s picture book Lincoln: a Photobiography tells the story of the life and times of America’s 16th President, Abraham Lincoln. Using pictures to augment the writings, the book traces the life of Lincoln from childhood to his eventual rise to the pinnacle of US politics – the US presidency. Pictures give a story an extra angle of believability and are an important addition to the words of the text. While Charlotte’s Web is a fictional account, Lincoln: a Photobiography is a factual account of the life of Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the US. Charlotte’s Web, in telling the story of Wilbur, the pig, illustrates the theme of discrimination, as depicted in the life and activities of Wilbur. From the very day of his birth, Fern’s father declares Wilbur unfit to live due to his small stature and sickliness. The picture, on the other hand, portrays Abraham Lincoln as a person who endures a lot of hardships and discrimination, battling discrimination against himself, and discrimination against those whom the constitution gave him power to lead – for instance African Americans suffering under slavery. In Charlotte’s Web, as stated earlier, the them e of discrimination manifests itself in the life of Wilbur. At birth, Mr. Arable marks Wilber for death due to his perceived illness; Wilbur was not supposed to live since he would not bring any returns (profit) to the owner. As Fern questions why her father heads for the pigsty with an ax, her mother explains, â€Å"One of the pigs is a runt. It is very small and weak. It will never amount to anything. So your father has decided to do away with it† (p 1). Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This statement leaves Fern mortified and highly disturbed, and she rushes after her father to protest at what she felt to be a serious case of injustice. Fern begs for the life of the pig, promising to look after him, and his father backs down and lets Fern keep the pig as her pet. Wilbur grows to become an active and healthy pig, defying the prognosis that Fern’s f ather and mother had defined for him at birth. This clearly is a statement by the author against discrimination based on appearance. The author encourages the reader to develop a culture of giving persons the benefit of doubt, instead of condemning them quickly without getting to know them. In Lincoln: A Photobiography, Russell Freedman portrays a Lincoln who encounters much derision and mocking due to his looks. Lincoln grows to a very tall stature, and thus his gangly frame attracted much negative discussion (p 1). He grows in a society the places premium value on looks. Lincoln, however, overcomes this primitive judgment of one’s character based on looks and successfully pursues his educates to become a lawyer. Abraham Lincoln came from a very poor background, a factor that weighed heavily on his life as he rose up the societal ladder as a lawyer and a congressional representative. He rarely talked about his background (p 8). Lincoln was of the view that one’s ba ckground should not be a factor for success as long as a person was determined to rise to the highest levels of the society. An element explored by both authors is the futility of discrimination based on age, race, gender, looks, and even class. A common thread in both stories is the fact that the individuals discriminated never chose to be of the specific age, race, gender or other such social constructs. When Fern is pleading with her father for Wilbur’s life, and her father states that he wants to kill the pig due to the fact that it was runt, Fern states that â€Å"The pig couldn’t help being small† (6). This statement pricks the conscience of her father who decides to let his daughter have it her way. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte’s Web and Lincoln: a Photobiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, Lincoln did not choose to have his looks; therefore, any refe rence to his looks was invalid. Additionally, Lincoln did not choose his poor background, and Russell Freedman portrayal of Lincoln overcoming the circumstances of his poor background to scale the heights of American politics invalidates discrimination against a person based on the background, which the person had no control over. Furthermore, in both texts the authors depict the golden rule of treating another person in the same fashion that one would like others to treat him/her. Fern asks her father whether he would have killed her for being small at birth the very reason that Mr. Arable uses as justification for his intent of killing the piglet: â€Å"If I had been very small at birth, would you have killed me?† (3). She appeals to her father’s sense of justice, urging him to treat the piglet as if it were his own. Fern, even in her young mind, knew that if her father would realize that his actions on the piglet could very well reflect his actions on a human bein g, he would not proceed and kill the innocent piglet. Her father later appreciates the fact that his daughter had a keen sense of justice, something he tells to his wife and son. The America’s Civil War, which characterized Lincoln’s presidency, intended to reconcile the divergent views on slavery. The North was of the idea that slavery should become to an end, while the South wanted slavery maintained, at the very least in the southern states. Slavery is one of the highest forms of discrimination, and in the US, the slaves were of African descent, and were enslaved because they belonged to a different, supposedly ‘inferior’ race. As president, Lincoln was highly critical of the unfairness and highly discriminative nature of slavery, where slaves labored from dusk until dawn, in deplorable conditions and at no pay. In the book Lincoln: A Photobiography, a prologue containing Lincoln views on slavery, presented in his own handwriting states that â€Å"As I would not be a slave, I would not be a master†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Freedman ix), Lincoln, through this piece of writing, not only opposes to the institution of slavery that had become highly entrenched in the American economic, social and political fabric, but also urges Americans to view slavery in a different manner. This prologue by Russell Freedman sees Lincoln urging Americans (and readers of the book at large) to put themselves in the position of the person(s) they are discriminating. In this way, he urges them determine if they would be comfortable in such situations. Therefore, just like in Charlotte’s Web, the author urges the readers to eliminate discrimination by putting themselves in the situation of the people they discriminate.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, Wilbur, the pig, overcomes discrimination and isolation at a personal level and in a similar manner, Lincoln experiences hatred and much abuse from his contemporaries due to his political stands on slavery. In Charlotte’s Web, fellow animals at the Zuckerman farm spurn Wilbur simply because these animals are envious of Wilbur’s cheerful nature. When he seeks to engage with the lamb, the lamb retorts, â€Å"†¦ Go play by yourself! I don’t play with pigs† (p 28). The Goose and Templeton the rat also reject his advances. However, Wilbur does not despair, and he eventually finds a fitting friend in Charlotte, the spider. Many of the farm animals feign a sense of urgency or lie that they are busy to avoid the company of Wilbur, an innocent victim of discrimination. Through Wilbur’s refusal to be put down by these unrequited advances, E.B White communicates the message that the reader should always stand by their unique and genuine characteristics even in the face of discrimination, and such a stand is usually vindicated in the future. For instance, in Wilbur’s case, Charlotte’s friendship turns out to be most enriching, and Charlotte even saves his life. In Russell Freedman’s Lincoln: A photobiography Abraham Lincoln comes under a lot of vitriolic attack from all manner of persons for his opposition to slavery. Freedman posits, â€Å"During the Civil War he was the most unpopular president the nation had ever known† (5). When Lincoln warns his fellow Congress representatives that the American nation could not survive with one half supporting slavery and the other half opposed to it, they accused him of predicting disintegration of the nation, and earned even more enemies, simply because of his position. However, President Lincoln did not waver in his commitment to abolish slavery. In the face of huge odds, Lincoln perseveres and abolishes slavery by the end of the four-year Civil War (Dirck 23). Freedman communicates to the reader the virtues of being firm in one’s conviction, that in the end the virtuous person will become validated, as Lincoln has been, occupying Folk hero status among the Americans today for his virtuous and firm leadership during the Civil War. In contrast, however, both authors deal with the ultimate gain of fighting against discrimination differently. E.B White mainly tackles discrimination at the personal level. Beginning with Fern, White portrays her as the hero who stands up for the right to life of a pig deemed as worthless by its owner (45). Similarly, Wilbur’s ability to remain true to his character (despite rejection from friends at the farm) tackles discrimination at a personal level. Russell Freedman, on the other hand, tackles discrimination at a professional and political level. Abraham Lincoln as a president comes under heavy criticism for his political stand on issues like slavery. In conclusion, both E.B White and Russell Freedman tackle the issue of discrimination and racism. As discussed in the essay, White tackles discrimination at personal level while Russell tackles discrimination at professional level. Noteworthy however is the interconnection between the two – that having convictions at a personal level informs the reaction of a person at professional level. For instance, Abraham Lincoln was able to stand against slavery at a political level because he was against it even at a personal level. Therefore, through their different works, the authors have spoken against all forms of discrimination and its ills. Dirck, Brian. Lincoln as Commander-in-Chief. Perspectives on Political Science 39.1 (2010): 20-27. Freedman, Russell. Lincoln: A Photobiography. New York: Clarion Books, 1987. Print White, Brooks. Charlotte’s Web. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1952. Print

Positive Reinforcement to Increase Academic Performance

Positive Reinforcement to Increase Academic Performance Reinforcement is the means by which behavior is increased. Also known as consequences, positive reinforcement adds something that will make it more likely the behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is when something is removed, it is more likely to continue. The Reinforcement Continuum Reinforcement happens all the time. Some reinforcement occurs because the item or activity is naturally reinforcing. At the highest end of reinforcement, reinforcers are social or intrinsic, such as praise or self-esteem. Young children, or children with low cognitive or social functioning, may require primary reinforcers, such as food or preferred items. During the course of instruction primary reinforcers should be paired with secondary reinforcers. Primary Reinforcers: Primary reinforcers are things that reinforce behavior that provide immediate gratification, such as food, water or a preferred activity. Often very young children or children with severe disabilities need primary reinforcers in order to be engaged in an educational program. Food can be a powerful reinforcer, especially preferred food, such as fruit or candy. Often young children with severe disabilities or very low social functioning are started with preferred foods, but they need to be paired with secondary reinforcers, especially praise and social interaction. Physical stimulation, like piggyback rides or airplane rides are primary reinforcers that pair the therapist or teacher with the reinforcer. One of the principal goals of a therapist or teacher is for the therapist or teacher to become a secondary reinforcer for the child. When the therapist becomes a reinforcer for the child, it becomes easier for the child to generalize secondary reinforcers, like praise, across environments. Pairing primary reinforcers with tokens is also a powerful way to replace primary reinforcers with secondary reinforcers. A student earns tokens toward a preferred item, activity or perhaps food as part of their educational or therapy program. The token is also paired with secondary reinforcement, like praise, and moves the child toward appropriate behavior. Secondary Reinforcers:  Secondary reinforcers are learned reinforcers. Awards, praise and other social reinforcers are all learned. If students have not learned the value of secondary reinforcement, such as praise or rewards, they need to be paired with primary reinforcers: a child earns a preferred item by earning stars. Soon the social status and attention that go with stars will transfer to the stars, and other secondary reinforcers like stickers and awards will become effective. Children with autism spectrum disorders lack an understanding of social interaction and do not value praise or other secondary reinforcement because they lack Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand that another human has emotions, thoughts and is motivated by personal self-interest. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder need to be taught the value of secondary reinforcers by having them paired with preferred items, food, and preferred activities. Intrinsic Reinforcement: The final goal of reinforcement is for students to learn to evaluate themselves and reward themselves with intrinsic reinforcement, the feeling a person gets from a job well done, for successfully completing a task. Still, we need to remember that people do not spend 12 years in college, medical school and residency just for the honor of being addressed as doctor. They are also hoping to earn the big bucks, and rightly so. Still, when intrinsic rewards accompany employment, as in being a special education teacher, they may compensate for some of the lack of status and income. The ability to discover intrinsic reinforcement in many activities that lead to the big bucks does, however, bode well for future success. Socially Valid Reinforcers Socially valid reinforcers refer to reinforcement schedules that are age appropriate. Seeking reinforcers that do not set students apart from typically developing peers in their age group is really part of providing FAPE- a Free, Appropriate Public Education- a legal underpinning of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 1994 (IDEIA.) For students in middle school or high school, putting Super Mario stickers on the backs of their hands is not age appropriate. Of course, students with the most difficult behavior, or those who do not respond to secondary reinforcement need to have reinforcers that can be paired with social reinforcement and faded as more socially acceptable reinforcement can take its place. Socially valid reinforcement can also help students understand what is cool or acceptable to typical peers. Rather than letting middle school aged students watch a Telletubbies video as a reinforcer, how about a National Geographic video about bears? Or perhaps anime cartoons? Identifying High Preference Reinforcers In order for reinforcement to be effective, it has to be something the student or students find reinforcing. Stars on a chart might work for typical 2nd graders, but not for second graders with a severe disability. They certainly wont work for high school students, unless they get to trade them for something they really want. There are several ways to discover reinforcers. Ask Parents: If you teach students who are not communicating, students with severe cognitive disabilities or autism spectrum disorders, you should be sure to interview parents before the students come to you, so you have some of their favorite things. Often offering a favorite toy for a brief period is a strong enough reinforcer to keep a young student on task.An Informal Preference Assessment: Lay a number of things that children of the same age enjoy playing with and watch what a student shows the most interest in. You may seek similar toys. Also, other items that have shown to be of interest, like toys that light up when you squeeze them, or accordion tubes that make noises when you pull them can be shown and modeled to students to see if they gain their attention. These items are available through catalogs that specialize in providing resources for children with disabilities, such as Abilitations.Observation: What does a child choose to use? What activities do they seem to prefer ? I had a child in an early intervention program who had a pet turtle. We had a nicely painted model turtle of vinyl, and he would work for an opportunity to hold the turtle. With older children, you will find they may have a Thomas the Tank Engine lunch bag, or a Cinderella Umbrella that they cherish, and Thomas and Cinderella may be good partners for reinforcement. Ask the Students: Find out what they find the most motivating. One way to do that is through Reinforcement Menus that  offer students things they can choose. When you collect them from a group, you can decide which items seem to be the most popular and arrange to make them available. A choice chart with the choices they have made can be very helpful, or you can create individual choice charts as I have for middle school students on the Autism Spectrum. If you want to control or limit the number of times they can make each choice (especially computer time, when you have limited computers for a large group) you could also make tickets with strips at the bottom to tear off, a little like the postings for used cars at the Laundromat.

The Jade Peony and The Other Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Jade Peony and The Other Family - Essay Example They are made to feel like outsiders, at times and this can be very humiliating. They have to try to forget the language and way of life that they have been used to since their childhood, if they are to adapt to life in their new homeland. This can be a painful experience, because they have to give up something that is very close to their hearts. It is easier for children and young people to make these changes and to adapt to life in their new homeland. For older people it can be much more difficult to give up a way of life that they have been used to for all their lives. It is even more difficult for parents, who feel rejected, when their children adopt the language and culture of their new homeland. Bannerji, in The Other Family highlights the feeling of insecurity of an immigrant mother, who says to her only daughter "Is this the family you would like to have Don't you want us anymore You want to be a mem sahib, a white girl" (143). She worries that some day her daughter would be ashamed of her and would move out into the world of the residents of their new homeland. She thinks that some day they would be enemies. She is afraid that she will lose her child. She feels that the people in her new homeland have the power to crush little people like her anytime. She exposes her fear of rejection to her daughter.

Theories of Crime Causation Unit2 IP Research Paper

Theories of Crime Causation Unit2 IP - Research Paper Example Both the individual and society are to be blamed for crime commission because , as much as an individual may or may not wish to commit a crime, there must be some reasons for him to do so, most of which are based on social issues. Research conducted shows that genes play a great in the criminality of a person. This is attributed to the fact that having a genetic makeup or disposition for criminal acts does not determine the behavior of a person but if they are exposed to a criminal environment, then their possibility are higher for participating in anti-social or criminal behavior. This paper will assess the distinct functions that genetics has in the anti-social or criminal behavior. Montangle and Walker used theory XYY to determine how genes contribute to anti-social or criminal behaviors. In their research, they established that twenty percent genotype is the most propellant factor of criminality of an individual. They conducted twin, adoption, and testosterone studies (Siegel, 20 08). The evaluation of behaviors of two identical twins and their fraternal has shown that their criminal rates are high. This led to a conclusion that genetics and environmental factors are the main contributors of criminal behaviors. ... The adoption studies discovered that environment influence makes biological parents and adopted children share common criminal behaviors (Schmalleger, 2012). The research showed that children born from incarcerated females felons or offenders have high rates of criminal convictions than those that were not born from incarcerated females. The study was based on the children who were born from biological fathers with a history of criminal activities. The research found out that those children who belong in a family that the biological father had a history of anti-social or criminality behavior, engages themselves in similar criminal activities (Schmalleger, 2012). The results revealed that there is a heritable factor to criminal or anti-social acts. Further, another finding revealed that if a biological or natural background existed for an individual’s criminality, then there was high danger of anti-social or criminal behavior in children who have been adopted. According to a st udy conducted in Denmark, Bernstein and Cassel, (2007) argues that, it established that children with biological fathers who had history of property crimes were likely to participate in property crimes but not violent crimes. Most researchers have established that genes do determined anti-social or criminal behaviors particularly for property crimes but not for violent crimes (Bernstein & Cassel, 2007). Behavioral genetic established that criminals or felons are genetically predisposed to anti-social or criminal acts. The study established that a change in the structural gene from monoamine oxidase A leads to an acute make up of neurotransmitters linked with the body’s fight or violent reaction to stressful cases (Bernstein & Cassel, 2007). The

Red, White, and Black Essay Example for Free

Red, White, and Black Essay By combining they were a stronger force against the colonists. Native American Relations in the first settlements: Relations characterized by resistance to the expansion of English settlement, submission into praying towns, and devastation through war and disease. Many of the Massachusetts Indians sought protection from Winthrop by selling their land and surrendering their independence. Pequot War: So-called war consisting of clumsy plundering by Massachusetts troops and raids by Pequots in 1637. The colonists eventually won the alliance of rival tribes and waged a ruthless campaign. The war tipped the balance of military power to the English, opening the way to New England’s settlement. King Phillips War: War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites. Tuscaroras and Yamasees: Two opposing Indians tribes whose disunity lead both to destruction. The Tuscaroran people were defeated by the colonists with the help of the Yamasees in 1713, and the Yamasees were themselves defeated around 1715. Both tribes were scattered and soon disappeared. praying towns: Towns set up by puritan missionaries for Indian converts to spread puritan Christianity, the first of which, Natick, was founded in 1651. As the Indian population in the east waned, assimilation as Praying Indians became the only option besides retreating farther west. Beaver Wars: Wars that resulted from furious trading and hunting of Beaver pelts by the Dutch, the French, and the New Netherlands. The Overhunting of Beavers sent prices so high in 1742 that the Dutch armed the Iroquois and what resulted was bloody battles against Pro-French tribes. Slavery Begins: Followed the exploration of the African coast and the establishment of a slave trade Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The slave trade then moved in to America as the development of a plantation system in Virginia offered a market for slavery and the first slaves arrived there in 1619. Slavery remained small among the colonies, however because it was not yet profitable for slavery under the conditions. As trade and agriculture grew and a plantation system grew so did slavery. Barbados Code: Code adopted by Carolina in 1696 to control slaves at the will of their masters. It was often noted as an inhumane code but the society revolved around slaves, so laws like this were created in order to keep control in the society. White owners relied on force and fear to control the growing black majority in the Carolinas. Maryland Slave Code, 1661: The first actual definition by the colonies of slavery as a lifelong, inheritable, racial status. It was issued by Maryland in 1661 in order to set up a distinct place for the slaves in the society. Out of the Maryland Slave Code of 1661 came the establishing of other slave codes that set up strict legal codes. Stono Rebellion: Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739, in which twenty slaves robbed guns and ammunition from the Stono River Bridge along with killing civilians. Officials suppressed the rebellion and stopped any more chaos and damage. I t was a significant encounter because it caused white

The Character of Joness Daughter in Williams’ Taking Care :: Williams Taking Care Essays

Two Works Cited In the short story, "Taking Care", by Joy Williams, a preacher deals learns to deal with his wife being in the hospital with a rare blood disease as well as taking care of his granddaughter while his daughter is away. His daughter, playing only a small role in the story, is still a rather round character. The author, Williams, depicts the characteristics of Jones's daughter very carefully through her actions. Although Jones's daughter is not a main character in this story, she does add various ideas for the reader to think about while reading the short story. Her characteristics and mannerisms are that of superficiality, selfishness, irresponsibility, and capriciousness. These characteristics are displayed continuously throughout the story. Jones's daughter exhibits superficiality through actions. The text reads, "Jones's daughter has fallen in with the stars and is using the heavens, as Jones would be the first to admit, more than he ever has. It has however, brought her only grief and confusion"(93). These two sentences imply that she is superficial. They are saying that she uses the stars to determine what her future is rather than thinking realistically and creating her own future. Even when this dependency of hers fails her, in her mind, she still relies on astrology for her future. Her leaving unopened records of prestigious composers with Jones as she left shows her superficiality once more (95). In addition to being superficial, Jones's daughter is also a very selfish person. She left her husband, left her 6-month-old daughter, and her dog with her father and took off for Mexico (93). This is a selfish act because she has a total disregard for her father's lifestyle and for the hardship he is going through with his wife in the hospital. She does not consider that this would be an inconvenience for her father. Her selfishness is again shown by the fact that she has a total disrespect for the differences of life styles between she and her father. This is shown in the text readings, "His daughter speaks about the men she has been involved with but no longer cares about," and the previous sentence, " Naturally this pains Jones," speaking of the fact that his daughter was having an affair with an older man (95). She is also selfish in the fact that while her mother is in the hospital almost dying, she is, "walking along the beach in Mexico with two men", and even when her mother comes home from the hospital, she is, " in Mexico wandering disinterestedly through a jewelry shop" (96,98).

Analysis of Middle Range Nursing Theory Essay

Complex physiological changes during pregnancy have a significant impact on almost every organ on the body system including the oral cavity — these changes are due to hormonal changes. Estrogen causes increased blood flow to the oral cavity, making the gums friable and easy to bleed, contributing to gingivitis. Pregnancy-associated gingivitis is highly prevalent. It affects approximately 30%-75% of pregnant women and resolves after delivery. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy can also increase the risk of extensive erosion (Varney, Kriebs, & Gegor, 2004; Barak, Oettinger, Machetie, Peled, & Ohel, 2003). In addition, changes in diet, such as increased consumption of carbohydrates, increased acid from vomiting, and changes in oral hygiene may increase the risk of tooth decay during pregnancy (Russel & Mayberry, 2008). Current research and evidence shows the importance of maintaining good oral health during pregnancy. Evidence supports that periodontal infections during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes such as premature deliveries, low birth weight, still birth, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia (Russell & Mayberry, 2008; Jeffcoat, Geurs, Reddy, Cliver, Goldenberg & Hauth, 2001). Preterm birth is a significant public health problem, as the prematurity rate at in the United States was 12.7% in 2007. Preliminary data for 2008 indicates a slight decline to about 12.3% (Martin, Hamilton, Sutton, Ventura, Mathews, Kirmeyer, & Osterman, 2010). Behrman & Butler (2007) reported that annual societal preterm births cost more than $26.2 billion in 2005, or $51,600 per infant born preterm, including maternal delivery, medical care, early intervention services, and loss of household and labor market productivity. As a midwife, one main goal during antenatal care is to improve pregnancy outcomes. Part of this can be accomplished is by promoting oral health care and healthy  behaviors. It is important to provide oral health education before and during the current pregnancy, as well as educate our clients about the association between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, we must encourage them to see a dentist during pregnancy. Theory To choose a theory to apply to the practice problem, relevant theories must be critically evaluated based on a set of criteria. The author used the three questions posed by Fawcett and Associates (1992) as described by Kenny (2006): â€Å"(1) Does the theory or model address the client problems and health concerns?; (2) Are the nursing interventions suggested by the model consistent with client’s expectations for nursing care?; and (3) Are the goals of nursing actions, based on the model or theory, congruent with the client’s desired health outcomes?† (Kenny, 2006, p.305). Several middle range theories can be used and applied to maximize oral health during pregnancy, as well as the prevention of adverse outcome related to oral problems. The Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on and explores the relationship between behavior and beliefs, as well as attitudes and intention (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2008). The Diffusion of Innovations Theory has been used to study the adoption of health behaviors and programs (Tiffany & Lutjens, 1998). The Precaution Adoption Process Model has been applied to behaviors which require deliberate action and initiating new behaviors (Weinstein, Sandman, & Blalock, 2002). The Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change are used to guide the individual through the stages of change to action and maintenance (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2002). The Health Belief Model is used to predict and explain health behaviors and promote individuals in engaging health behavior (Champion & Stretcher & Janz, 2002). The best theory that fits this practice problem and author’s values and beliefs about client, health and nursing practice is Health Belief Model. Health Belief Model The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed by a group of social psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service in the 1950s in an attempt to understand â€Å"the widespread failure of people to participate in programs to prevent and detect disease.† It was later applied to patient responses to  symptoms and to compliance with prescribed medical regimens (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p. 46). The HBM has four major constructs: Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, and perceived barriers. The model has been expanded to include cues to action and self efficacy (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002). ‘‘Perceived susceptibility† refers to â€Å"one’s subjective perception of the risk of contracting a health condition.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). â€Å"Perceived severity† refers to â€Å"feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated includes evaluations of both medical and clinical consequences (death, disability and pain) and possible social consequences (such as effects of the conditions on work, family life, and social relations).† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). â€Å"Perceived benefits† are beliefs and opinions of the value regarding the effectiveness of the various actions available in reducing the disease threat.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). â€Å"Perceive barrier† is a person’s perception of both the difficulties in performing the specific behaviors of interest and the negative things that could happen from performing those behaviors.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). â€Å"Cues to action are strategies to activate the one’s readiness.† And finally, â€Å"self efficacy† is â€Å"one’s confidence in one’s ability to take action.† (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). The Health Belief Model is one of the conceptual frameworks for understanding health behavior. Also, the HBM is used for explaining and predicting acceptance and adherence to medical care recommendations (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002). The Model hypothesis â€Å"that an individual’s decision to change behavior is determined by two elements: (1) One’s perception of a threat to personal health which is determined by two underlying belief, namely perceived susceptibility of the disease and the perceived severity and seriousness of the disease. And (2) Ones perception of the efficacy of treatment proposed to reduce the threat†. (Ramseier, Suvan, 2010). This theory is indicated as a mid-range theory because it is narrow in scope, less abstract, and more applicable directly to practice for explanation and implementation. The early applications of HBM were focused on tuberculosis screening test, and then MBM extended to lifestyle behavioral changes such as condoms use, obtaining vaccination against infectious disease such as  influenza vaccine (Baranowski, Cullen, Nicklas, Thompson, & Baranowski, 2003; Janz & Becker,1984). The HBM model also has been used on screening behaviors such as: mammography screening behaviors for detecting breast cancer, screening program for Tay Sachs disease, as well as in AIDS and high-risk behavior research (Janz & Becker, 1984) Plan for Practice Integration To initiate the use of the Health Belief Model in promoting and maximizing oral health during pregnancy, we might begin with distributing a survey or questionnaire for each woman during the prenatal visit. The purposes of questionnaire are: (1) To explore oral health practices and utilization of dental care; and (2) To examine women’s use of dental service and frequency of dental visits during pregnancy. The questionnaire includes demographic data (i.e., age, marital status, educational level, annual house hold income, and dental insurance). It also includes questions regarding oral health hygiene practices (i.e., frequency of brushing and flossing). In addition, the frequency of dental visits before and during pregnancy, reason for dental visit, questions regarding any instructions received from health care providers about oral health care, safety of oral treatment during pregnancy, knowledge of common oral health problem during pregnancy, and associations between poor matern al oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes would also be covered. Questions about barriers to dental care or reasons they do not visit the dentist would be explored. After collecting the survey from the women, the midwife or health care provider should discuss and provide teaching about oral health practices, the importance and safety of dental visits, and provide knowledge of oral health and pregnancy outcomes associated with poor oral health. This information should be provided at every prenatal visit. The Health Belief Model would be explained in an educational session for midwife and health care provider (MD and dentist) using visual aids, including posters and handouts of the HBM construct. This educational session includes information about the theory in general, constructs and its relationships, also how this model was used in research and practice previously, and then how this model might be used and applied in maximizing and promoting oral health during pregnancy. A better understanding of the HBM from the midwife will  enable them to use it in predicting and screening a patient’s oral health and related behaviors. In-person counseling could address each woman’s baseline belief regarding susceptibility to oral infection (i.e., gingivitis, peridonitis and dental caries), as well as benefits and barriers to the dental clinic visit and screening. By the end of the educational session, certain outcome objectives should be assessed. These outcome objectives would be: (1) By the end of the session, 100% of the midwives and health care providers will be able to describe the HBM and its constructs in their own words; and (2) By the end of the session, 100% of the health care providers and midwives will be able to assist individual clients to develop and maintain oral hygiene behaviors. These objectives could be measured by assessing learner expectations regarding the sessions, asking questions, and having each one state their answers, as well as provide effective feedback to each answer from the participants. Several factors influencing the practice issues were understood by using the HBM in this practicum situation. The concept of â€Å"perceived susceptibility† includes all pregnant women because of the hormonal fluctuations that occur during pregnancy, in addition to personal characteristics related to income, poor habits, inadequate dental hygiene and related behaviors. The concept of â€Å"perceived severity† is important in that if woman are made aware of poor pregnancy outcomes related to poor oral health, they may be more inclined to engage in healthy behaviors. The concept of â€Å"perceived benefits† are instrumental and correlate with healthy behaviors and healthy outcomes, which is the desire of most pregnant women. The concept of â€Å"perceived barriers† is important to address. While the cost of dental care may be discouraging and many may fear the pain involved in dental health (i.e., injections, fillings), the cost and disappointment of poor pregnancy outcomes may far exceed these perceived barriers. â€Å"Cues to action† are employed through education and counseling the patient regarding the many benefits and risks regarding adequate and a lack of oral hygiene, as it affects their pregnancy outcome. The concept of â€Å"self-efficacy† is important, as women become empowered to make positive life-style behavioral changes which positively impact their pregnancies. References Barak, S., Oettinger, B., Machetie, E., Peled, M., & Ohel, G. (2003). Common oral manifestations during pregnancy: A review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 58(9), 624-628. Baranowski, Cullen, K., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J.( 2003). Are current Health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts? Obesity research; 11. Janz & Becker. (1984). The Health Belief Model: A decade later. Health education quarterly.11 (1):1-47. Jeffcoat, M., Geurs, N., Reddy, M., Cliver, S., Goldenberg, R., & Hauth, J. (2001). Periodontal infection and preterm birth: Results of a prospective study. Journal of the American Dental Association,132, 875-880. Behrman, R., & Butler, A. (2007). Preterm birth: Causes, consequences and prevention. National Academic Press, Washington, DC. Retrieved on November 3, 2011 from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11622&page=398. Martin, J., Hamilton, B., Sutton, P., Ventura, S., Mathews, T., Kirmeyer, S., & Osterman, M. (2010). Births: Final data for 2007. National Vital Statistics Reports. 58(24), 1-88. Montano, D., & Kasorzyk, D. (2008). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.). Health Behavior and Health Education Theory Research and Practice (4th ed.), USA: Jossey-Bas, pp. 67-95. Ramseier, C., & Suvan, J.(2010). Health behavior change in dental practice. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Russel, S., & Mayberry, L. (2008). Pregnancy and oral health: A review and recommendations to Reduce gaps in practice and research. The American Journal of Child Health Nursing,33(1), pp. 32-7. Prochaska, J., Redding, C., & Evers, K. (2002). The Transtheoretical model and stages of change. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.) Health Behavior and Health Education Theory Research and Practice (4th ed.). USA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 97-121. Varney, H., Kriebs, J., & Gegor, C. (2004). Varney’s midwifery (4th ed). Sudbury, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Weinstein, N., Sandman, P., & Blalock, S. (2002). The precaution adoption process model. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.) Health Behavior and Health Education Theory, Research, and Practice (4th ed.). USA: Jossey-Bas, pp. 123-147.

Case Study †Angus Cartwright III Essay

I. Case Overview Angus Cartwright III, an investment advisor, was asked to provide investment advisory services for two clients, John DeRight and Judy DeRight. They both wanted to purchase a property that (1) is large enough to attract the interest of a professional real estate management company and (2) has a minimum leveraged return on their investments of 12% after tax. Their major goals are: Diversification of investment portfolio Protection from future inflation Take some tax advantages (especially for John) Mr. Cartwright selected four properties and performed various financial analyses to best match the needs of his clients with the characteristics of the properties and the returns they offered. II. Assessment of the Analyses and Assumptions: Cartwright employed three stages of analysis: Preliminary Analysis (Exhibit 1 to 3), Risk Analysis (Exhibit 4) and Financial Analysis (Exhibit 5 to 10). Preliminary Analysis starts with gathering key facts and data such as purchase prices, current and future income, depreciation, estimated sales price and cash flows, loan and its rate and amortization, taxes and etc. The 1st year setups (Exhibit 2) for each property were developed and major comparable statistics (Exhibit 3) were calculated. Such analyses serve as a foundation for identifying directions and strategies for further detailed analysis, including financial analysis, physical inspection and an examination of day-to-day operations of potential investment properties. Risk Analysis consisting of a review of financial leverage (loan to value ratio) and operating risk (debt coverage ratio) can help a real estate investor to weigh the level of risks in relation to his investment objectives. In this case, Fowler had the highest leverage of 74.47%, while Alison Green had the highest Debt Coverage Ratio of 2, followed by Ivy Terrace(1.92), Stony Walk(1.46) and Fowler(1.26). The cushions they had are all sufficient for most lenders. The Break-Even Analysis, shown in Exhibit 4, was valuable to understand how a small change in occupancy levels can make a corresponding change in a property’s financial performance; most real state analysis assume the initial occupancy rate to remain at the same level through the investment period. Once all the relevant and key financial data is gathered, a number of effective financial analyses were performed; they are capitalization rate on both purchase and sale, cash-on-cash return rate, Internal Rate of Return (â€Å"IRR†), Net Present Value (â€Å"NPV†), Profitability Index and Cash Flow Analysis. The Quality of the financial analysis outcome heavily depends on the quality and accuracy of implicit assumptions used. However, applying financial analysis is still the best way to estimate the future performance of investment properties and comparing or prioritizing multiple investment opportunities. IRR is the most important and frequently used investment analysis indicator. Understanding various components of an IRR (Exhibit 8, 9 and 10) can help to carefully plan the timing, the sequence and size of events within an investment that will  impact the performance/outcome of the investments. In his analysis, Cartwright used the following assumptions: Annual increase in cash flow from operations: 4% for Fowler and 3% for the others. Vacancy rate: 5% for Alison Green and Stony Walk, 7% for the others. Capital reserve: $250 per apartment p.a., timing of when to disburse the reserve and its tax implication Sufficient funding of the equity investment Tax laws remain stable with ordinary tax rates: 35%; Capital gain tax rate: 15%; tax rate on the depreciation related gain: 25% Cartwright made, in general, conservative assumptions to simplify his analysis, and therefore, no particular assumption stood out to be unreasonable. As a continuing effort to improve quality of his assumptions, we could revisit and review his assumptions with the following generic questions: Is 3% or 4% increase in cash flow reasonable in current market/economic condition? How realistic is it to negotiate a rental guarantee with developers to be at 93% occupancy rate? How realistic is it that the capital reserve will remain at the same level for the next 10 years? How realistic is it that the leasehold payment will remain at the same level for the next 10 years? Should there be any significant changes in the outcome of the analysis, if the timing of the reserve disbursement is not assumed to be at the end of the lease term? Will there be any trend or expected government legislating new tax laws that will have significant impact on real estate investments? All properties appear to be large enough to attract the interest of professional real estate management companies and all exceeded the minimum leveraged return on investments of 12% after tax. On the simple return measures, Stony Walk had the highest Capital Rate on Purchase where Fowler ranked at the highest in Capital rate on Sales; Alison which had a high cash flow with low vacancy rate, and thus a high effective gross income was ranked in first for the Cash-on-Cash Return; Fowler which was still under construction and appeared to be undervalued had largest increase in capital value. On the discount return measures, Fowler had the highest IRR at 15.38 while Stony Walk had the lowest rate at 14.54, with a difference of 0.84; Alison had largest NPV with a difference of $115K comparing with the lowest NPV; Fowler which required the smallest equity investment had the highest Profitability Index. While the two residential properties have higher returns from their on-going cash flows, the increase in the investment value of the other two commercial properties will come from future value increase – see Exhibit 9. Completed exhibits for all four properties are included in the Appendix. The relevant analysis of other financial exhibits is integrated in the following chapter as reasoning of the recommendations. IV. Recommendations If we simply select an investment choice based on the highest IRR rate, Fowler should be recommended for both clients. However, as we better understand the components of the IRR (see Exhibit 9 in Appendix), we should try to best match each client’s ultimate investment goal to distinct character of each property instead of recommending an investment base only on the highest IRR rate. Exhibit 9. Percent of Total Benefits (@IRR) For John, our team recommends Alison Green with the following reasons: John is a retired, passive investor who wants to live comfortably from stable income/returns from the savings he accumulated, and was particularly interested in taking advantage of the new tax law, which will give him a favorable capital gain’s tax. As we can see from the breakdown of IRR, Alison Green and Ivy Terrace were projected to have higher steady income streams than the other two properties. Between them, Alison, although with a lightly lower IRR, has much higher tax benefit than the Ivy. Alison requires a higher initial equity investment than Ivy. However, Alison is estimated to be appreciated more at the end of 10 year and therefore will produce higher capital gain. Since John wants to take advantage of the new tax law and pay his capital gains at the newly enacted 15% rate, Alison is a better choice than Ivy. For Judy, our team recommends Fowler Building with the following  reasons: Unlike John, Judy is an active executive who can be a more aggressive investor and has some available fund for outside investment to diversify her portfolio. She may not care about the stable incoming cash flow as much as John. She will be more tolerant on any fluctuations such as a short-term, negative operating risks such as lower occupancy rate or lower investment value at the beginning as long as her investment will appreciate adequately at the end. We consider Judy as an investor focused more on ‘growth’ than ‘value/steady income’ seeking investor, and therefore we recommend Fowler because of its highest Profitability Index (=NPV/Equity).

Milk Food Coloring Lab Report (Importance of Surfactant) Essays

Milk Food Coloring Lab Report (Importance of Surfactant) Essays Milk Food Coloring Lab Report (Importance of Surfactant) Paper Milk Food Coloring Lab Report (Importance of Surfactant) Paper For this experiment, we will be using milk and food coloring to represent the water (milk) and gas (food coloring) in the respiratory system, as seen in the liquid-gas boundary of the alveolar wall (water) and its volume (gas). We will place the milk in a shallow dish so that it completely covers the bottom of the dish. Drops of food coloring are going to be added into the milk at the center of the dish, and then observed. Drops of liquid dishwashing soap, representing surfactant, are then added to the center as well. Once the soap drops are added we will observe what changes happen to the food coloring and milk. Because I know milk is non-polar and food coloring is polar, my hypothesis predicts the two will not mix voluntarily at first, but the soap acting as a surfactant, when added, will help the two liquids mix together. Materials and Methods For this experiment, I used a jazz milk, 4 different color food coloring bottles, liquid hand soap, and a small clear dish with approximately 5 inches in diameter. Placed the dish in a flat steady surface. I then poured the milk making sure the whole bottom of the dish is covered and still remained shallow. Next, I added about four drops of food coloring to the milk at the center of the dish. Lastly, I added about four drops of the liquid hand soap in the same exact place where I had added the food coloring. Results When the food coloring was added into the milk, there was no reaction. The food coloring did not mix into the milk, it just sat there clumped together like oil in a lava lamp. After adding the drops of liquid soap, the food coloring droplets rapidly mixed into the milk by running in every direction. It looked like an explosion of color. The color streaks continuously span slowly in the milk. Discussion As my hypothesis stated, the milk and food coloring did not mix voluntarily because of their polarity. Nan-polar molecules want to bond with other Nan-polar molecules (London dispersion forces) and polar molecules bond with the polar molecules (Dipole-Dipole forces). Think of all the milk molecules acting as very powerful magnets between each other, and the same with the water molecules. In this case, the soap -acting as the surfactant- broke the surface tension between the two liquids allowing them to mix together. In other words, it reduced the magnetic attraction between them. As we stated, the milk molecules are non-polar and the food coloring molecules are polar. Soap is one of the awesome liquids that is both polar and non-polar. Its molecules have a polar head, which attracts other polar molecules, and a non-polar body, which attracts other Nan-polar molecules. When the liquid soap molecules were added to the solution, they attracted both the milk and food coloring molecules causing them to mix like they did. In the alveoli, the gas is non-polar and the water in the walls of the alveoli is polar. Surface tension in the alveoli is very high because of the liquid/gas boundary. This surface tension draws the liquid molecules closer together and reduces their contact with the gas molecules; this way the alveoli do not collapse. The water in the walls of the alveoli help the alveolar walls come together during exhalation (when the oxygen leaves the alveoli), so that they stick together and allow the alveoli to reach their smallest size. The surfactant that is secreted aids the walls to be able to come together, but not with the attraction of their potential because its too strong. If they came together with their normal attraction, the walls would stick together and their strong surface tension would not allow them to unstuck. A collapsed alveolar will have to be completely re- inflated during each inspiration, which takes a lot of energy to do. With the surfactant, during inhalation the incoming gas is able to split the walls open because their attraction is not as strong. This way, the walls are able to come apart easier and make more space for the oxygen that fills up the alveoli. If our alveolar cells did not produce surfactant whatsoever, breathing would be very hard. Each inhalation would not have the easy flow it has now; it would take a lot of energy and not to mention be tougher. Conclusion Just like the water and gas in our lungs, the milk and food coloring would not have been able to mix. Both the liquid soap and the surfactant reduce the genetic force that unites liquid molecules- in this case allowing milk and food coloring to mix.